A phlebotomist attempts to draw venous blood from a vein in a patient’s cubital fossa. The punctured vessel squirts blood with every heartbeat. What structure did the phlebotomist damage?

A 32-year-old male carpenter presents to your office complaining of a weakness with abduction of the arm. The weakness is most pronounced between 30-90 degrees. Injury to which nerve results in this presentation?

A 6-year-old falls from a swing and onto her elbow. Immediately following the fall, her mother notices a gross deformity at the elbow. A fracture through the supracondylar region of the humerus (just proximal to elbow) is identified on x-ray and a manipulation is performed to restore alignment of the bone. Immediately following the re-alignment of the humeral fracture no radial or ulnar pulse is palpable. Which structure is most likely trapped in the fracture?

A neurological exam reveals signs of multiple sclerosis in a patient. The patient is referred to a radiologist, who uses MRI to search for lesions in the cervical spinal cord. Which of the following image planes would most likely reveal the lesions?

Bifid spinous processes and foramina transversarii are characteristic of which type of vertebrae?

A driver sustains a whiplash injury in an accident with another vehicle. His physician explains that, as his head jolted backwards, the joints of his neck were hyperextended. This movement most likely caused strain in which of the following ligaments?

A pediatrician examines a 6-month-old female infant. The parents report that the baby crawls frequently, but that she has not tried standing or walking, even with the assistance of furniture. In which region of the vertebral column would the pediatrician most likely find a lordosis?

An accident victim presents to the emergency department supine on a stretcher, with both arms folded across his chest. In this position, his wrist lies ____ to his elbow.

Damage to the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves would most likely affect which of the following types of axons?

To control excessive sweating of the armpits and palms, a surgeon performs a trans-thoracic sympathectomy to selectively destroy cell bodies of neurons that innervate sweat glands. These cells are located in the:

The celom spaces for the guts and the lungs are formed by the:

Which of the following is a location where ectoderm contacts endoderm without mesoderm in between?

In the adult, the notochord differentiates into the:

Which joint has the widest range of motion for the following actions: flexion, circumduction, adduction, rotation?

A 12-year-old boy is riding his bicycle and stops a fall by landing on his hands and knees. His right wrist is in pain and X-ray reveals a hairline fracture at the distal end of his radius. You express concern to his parents that injury to the epiphysis could result in abnormal or terminated growth there, which would result in which of the following:

Axons from which spinal cord segment(s) is/are found in the axillary nerve of an anatomically normal brachial plexus?

A 23-year-old male is brought to the emergency department with a stab wound penetrating the anterior surface of his right arm 2 inches distal to the glenohumeral joint. Based on the size, depth and location of the wound, you are concerned that nerve damage has occurred. If permanent nerve damage has occurred, which of the following muscles has most likely lost function?

A 10-year-old boy crashes in a bicycle race. He complains of severe pain when moving his left shoulder and arm. Radiography reveals a fracture of the greater tubercle of the humerus. He demonstrates significant weakness when laterally rotating and abducting his arm. Which muscle may be impaired as a direct result of the fracture?

A preschooler complains of pain in her right elbow. She says it began to hurt when her father picked her up by the arm. She is afraid to use her arm and she holds it with the elbow flexed and forearm pronated. Upon examination you notice a prominent bulge on the lateral side of her elbow. What is the most likely cause of the bulge?

A 20-year-old female fell from the parallel bars during a gymnastics competition. A neurological examination reveals that she has a lesion of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. Which of the following muscles is weakened as a result of this injury?

Which of the following structures of the dura mater can be found between the cerebrum and cerebellum?

A pituitary tumor has grown to the point where it is affecting a nearby cranial nerve. Which of the following cranial nerves is closest to the pituitary and would be most likely affected in some way?

Which of the following bones contributes to the inner surface of the cranial fossa?

What cranial nerve provides visceral efferent innervation to the lacrimal gland?

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve?

Which of the following muscles is a longitudinal muscle of the pharynx?

After the removal of a brain tumor from the inferior surface of the frontal lobes, it appears that the damage done to the walls of the cribriform plate has resulted in lesions to nerves passing between their foramina. The nerve most likely to have been injured is part of what cranial nerve?

A woman’s husband comments that she snores, and when you ask her to close her mouth and breathe she has trouble. You squint your eye, and ask her to copy your action, but she cannot. You suspect that she lacks control over the orbicularis oculi muscles. A portion of what cranial nerve is most likely dysfunctional?

A patient recovering from a virally induced Bell’s palsy presents with an unusual circumstance in which he sheds tears when he is eating, known as “crocodile tears syndrome”. The improperly healed nerve connections he has experienced have resulted in parasympathetics that normally go to ____________ to be redirected to _______________.

A 19-year-old college student presents to the emergency department with lacerations to his face around his cheeks after being hit by a car. You proceed to suture the laceration which requires repair of arterial damage. After recovery, he complains of uneven blushing of his cheeks. A lesion to which of thefollowing nerve structures is most likely the cause of these symptoms?

A patient with a history of chewing tobacco presents with complaints of trouble swallowing. After examination, it is clear that he has trouble constricting his pharynx during swallowing. What cranial nerve is responsible for constricting the pharynx and is resulting in this man’s dysphagia?

A patient presents with an extreme case of herpes zoster virus infection that has spread to the trigeminal ganglion. It appears that one of its external manifestations is that a group of vesicles has erupted in the cornea, causing corneal ulcerations. Which of the following nerves is directly involved in this corneal ulceration?

After a surgical procedure that removed a tumor from the parotid gland, a patient presents with difficulty moving his eyebrows and wrinkling the skin of his forehead. Which nerve most likely has been affected by the surgery?

A cyclist that was the victim of a hit and run is brought unconscious into the emergency department. To evaluate for elevated intracranial pressure, you inspect his eyes with an ophthalmoscope and note signs of papilledema. Which nerve is directly visualized on this examination?

A college student at a concert is enthusiastically dancing and shaking his head when he suddenly feels extremely dizzy and drops to the floor. He has not had any alcohol or drugs, nor has he been injured by another person. After getting up, he explains that he was shaking his head and the symptoms happened suddenly. What organ’s dysfunction is most likely responsible for this?

A 17-year-old female regains consciousness after surviving an automobile accident. You examine her and observe ptosis of the right eyelid, and she is not able to voluntarily lift that eyelid. When you manually raise the eyelid, she complains of double vision. You note that the eye is depressed and abducted, and the patient is not able to appreciably move her eye from this position. What structure is most likely affected?

If you tilt your head to your right side, which muscle facilitates extorsion of the left eye while at the same time preventing depression of the left eye?

A 23-year-old male is hospitalized and undergoing treatment to resolve a clot and infection in the cavernous sinus. You are evaluating the patient and discover he is unable to abduct his right eye. What structure is most likely affected?

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)?

The infraorbital nerve passes through which bone?

Which of the following is typically a branch of the thyrocervical trunk?

Which of the following structures represents the involuted (obliterated; closed-off) umbilical vein, running in the free inferior margin of the falciform ligament from the umbilicus up to the liver?

Which of the following arteries is typically a direct branch of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?

The levator ani musculature takes origin in part from a fibrous band called the:

A mosquito lands on the forehead of a male professor and bites him 1 cm above the medial end of the eyebrow. The pain of this bite and subsequent itch are sensed via which nerve?

The lesser and greater peritoneal sacs connect to one another via the:

A pathologist is presented with a section of diseased bowel that was resected in the operating room earlier that morning. The documentation does not indicate where the specimen was taken; however, the pathologist notices the presence of encroaching mesenteric fat, multiple arterial arcades, short vasa recta, and a relatively smooth internal mucosa with a few widely-spaced circular folds. The specimen most likely came from the:

Within the kidney, two or three major calyces come together to drain urine into the:

A patient with a severe sinus infection exhibits signs of the infection spreading to the eye. Which of the following is the more likely path along which the infection spread?

A patient presents with a laceration to the neck that reaches the external surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, but no deeper. There is a moderately sized vessel that was severed and is bleeding. What is this vessel?

Which of these structures is secondarily retroperitoneal?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the peritoneum?

A 30-year-old female arrives at the hospital following an automobile accident. You discover that the palate and upper teeth are moving separate from the rest of the face. The zygomatic arches and nose are not moving with the palate. Where is the posterior end of the fracture most likely to be?

A 52-year-old male patient has a persistent infection of the skin on the right upper lip that has not resolved with antibiotics. Now you discover that the infection has spread to the cavernous sinus, but not the pterygoid plexus of the infratemporal fossa. Which of the following is the most likely route by which the infection spread to the cavernous sinus?

An MRI shows a white mass located inferior to the bladder and superior to the corpus spongiosum. This is most likely a tumor in the:

The male equivalent of the uterine artery is the artery to the:

Which of the following is derived from the embryonic mesonephric system of ducts?

A semen analysis is performed on a patient. The amount of semen appears to be normal but very few spermatozoa are seen. The problem resides with the:

Blood in the 10th posterior intercostal vein on the left side typically drains directly into the:

The thickened lateral portion of the fascia lata, along with tendinous fibers from the gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae muscles, is called the:

The fibrous capsule of the testis is formed by the:

Which of the following shows a correct pairing of an anterior abdominal wall layer with its homologous layer in the scrotum or spermatic cord?

The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of a fetal vessel that once connected the aortic arch with the:

The superior vena cava is formed by the confluence of the:

An incomplete fibrocartilage ring that slightly deepens the tibial plateau at the knee joint is called a:

The sural nerve runs in the superficial fascia of the posterior leg (i.e. the calf), adjacent to which blood vessel?

Extension of the hip joint, as in climbing stairs or rising from a seated position, is accomplished by which of the following muscles?

Which of the following is a direct branch of the popliteal artery?

The deep niche where parietal pleura reflects from the ribs onto the diaphragm is called the:

The diaphragm receives motor innervation derived from which spinal nerve branches?

Rheumatic disease has left the tricuspid valve of an 82-year-old woman incompetent with an abnormal backflow of blood between what two cardiac structures?

A 68-year-old man suffering from acute myocardial ischemia reports pain in the cutaneous tissue of the medial side of his upper left arm. If this particular pain is cardiac induced, which of the following spinal nerves is most likely conveying the associated afferent nerve fibers from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal cord?

A 24-year-old active male presents to the emergency department with a recent onset of a swollen knee. He injured his knee while playing soccer. He cannot bear weight on his leg; his knee is painful and warm to the touch. You suspect that he has blood and a torn ligament in his knee. Which of the following results would you expect to see on a synovial fluid aspiration of his knee?

In a patient with an antalgic gait, he will compensate by:

During the act of running:

In addition to lubrication and chondrocyte nutrition, normal synovium functions to:

When you read an x-ray, the appearance "color" of any tissue type is most directly related to:

A 35-year-old male arrives at your office complaining of nausea and pain in his right lower quadrant. You discover a bulge in the right lower quadrant that is tender and enlarges when the patient coughs. The structure that most likely fills the bulge is a portion of the:

You will conduct abdominal surgery on a male patient who has a history of hernias, a weak anterior abdominal wall, and difficulty healing abdominal incisions. You do not want to weaken his muscles any further. You want to make the incision in a well-vascularized area where the muscle fibers of the layers of the anterior abdominal wall are most closely aligned. Where should you make your incision?

Remembering that some layers of the anterior abdominal wall continue onto the spermatic cord and/or scrotum but have a different name there; which of the following layers of the anterior abdominal wall does not continue into the spermatic cord and/or scrotum, regardless of whether the individual is an embryo, fetus, or adult?

A 19-year-old receives a crippling blow to the left knee during a football game. Examination reveals abnormal anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur. Your diagnosis includes damage to which ligament?

A patient presents with pain in the back of her knee. An arteriogram reveals a blood clot in the popliteal artery at its proximal end. Which blood vessel can still allow blood to reach the foot?

Which of the following prevents back flow of blood from the pulmonary trunk?

The structure that receives both the great cardiac vein and the small cardiac vein is called the:

Salivary glands found in the roof of the mouth receive parasympathetic innervation that originally synapsed in which ganglion?

A toddler that tends to push small objects up his nose presents to your office with a nosebleed. You find that he pushed a toothpick up under his inferior nasal concha. What opening lies nearby that may be affected?

Which of the following glands secretes its contents through a single hole on either side that opens near the frenulum at the base of the tongue?

A patient presents with acute blockage of the submandibular duct resulting in inflammation that compresses the lingual nerve nearby, in the floor of the oral cavity. What functional modality may be interfered with if the lingual nerve is affected?

When a patient of yours attempts to stick out his tongue, it deviates to the right side every time. You suspect that his right hypoglossal nerve is injured. The unopposed protrusion from the left side is mediated by which muscle?

Which of the following muscles forms the floor of the oral cavity?

Which of the following structures is derived from an endochondral ossification?

Which of the following structures is derived from a pharyngeal cartilage ossification?

Which of the following structures is derived from a placode?

A patient has problems with hearing due to malformation of the malleus bone in the ear. This is the result of a problem with the development of which of the following?