Which of these is NOT a risk factor for formation of Renal Calculi?

• Genetic predisposition

• Occupation

• Industrial exposure to arylamine (AZO) dyes

• Seasonal factors

Which medical condition is a risk factor for Renal Calculi?

• Downs Syndrome

• Faulty P53 Gene

• Pulmonary Oedema

• Hypertension

Acute tubular necrosis is - ?

• Collection of signs associated with disorders affecting the kidneys

• Destruction of tubules and shut down of kidney function

• Adenocarcinomas that usually arise from tubular epithelium commonly in the renal cortex

• Inflammation of the renal tubules

What is the definition of Nocturia?

• the presence of blood in the urine

• increased urinary output

• blood urea nitrogen

• increased production of urine at night

What is the definition of Azotaemia?

• blood urea nitrogen

• the presence of blood in the urine

• reduced urinary output

• increased urinary output

Secondary bladder cancer develops by -

• Metastasis via lymphatics to liver

• Invasion of cancer from bordering organs

• Renal Calculi growth

• Hard bowel movements

Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer include all of the following EXCEPT -

• Dysuria

• Urgency

• Haematuria

• Nocturia

The most likely age and gender of bladder cancer development is -?

• Males < 60YO

• Males > 60YO

• Females < 60YO

• Females > 60YO

What percentage of cancer deaths can be attributed to renal cell carcinomas?

• 1%

• 2%

• 3%

• 4%

UTI's are predisposed by all of the following except -?

• Premature newborns

• Sexually active and pregnant women

• Urinary tract obstruction

• Individuals with indwelling catheters

• Chemotherapy

Cystitis is inflammation of the - ?

• Kidneys

• Urethra

• Bladder

• Prostate

The most common bacteria causing Cystitis is?

• Helicobacter pylori

• Strepptococcus

• Chlamydia trachomatis

• E coli

In what percentage of cases is Cystitis asymptomatic?

• 5%

• 10%

• 15%

• 20%

Chronic renal failure results from the gradual loss of _______ until the remainder cannot carry out normal function

• Calyces

• Renal Pyramids

• Nephrons

• Renal Capillaries

Definitive treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease includes all of the following EXCEPT -

• Dialysis

• Antibiotic Treatment

• Transplatation

• Peritoneal Dialysis

Which of these pictures is pyelonephritis?

The signs and symptoms of Pyelonephritis include all of the following except - ?

• Azotaemia

• Fever

• Chills

• Groin Pain

A common cause of pyelonephritis is?

• Hypertension

• Renal Calculi

• Male sexual trauma

• Renal Scarring

Signs associated with nephritic syndrome are all of the following except - ?

• Uremia

• Renal insufficiency

• Mild hypertension

• Diaphoresis

Syndromes associated with glomerulonephritis include all of the following except - ?

• Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

• Asymptomatic haematuria and/or proteinuria

• Nephrotic syndrome

• Acute necrotic uretritis

• Chronic glomerulonephritis

• Acute nephritic syndrome