Madolyn Goodall
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Overview of the world going into the 20th century

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Madolyn Goodall
Created by Madolyn Goodall about 10 years ago
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Chapter 1/Lectures 1, 2 & 3

Chapter 1/Lectures 1, 2 & 3Overview of theWorld in the 1800sand Early 1900sShift from agricultural productivity to industrial*Territorial empires*Conquest of land surrounding core regionDifficult todefendcontained multiple conflicting religions and ethinicitiesOttoman*Often in conflict withRussiaAllied with GB and FR to prevent Russian expansion toBlack SeaWeak by end of 1800s*External war against Russiainternal political conflict over Westernizationincreasing ethnic nationalismRussia*Second most territory after GBWesternization opposed by nobility and Orthodox christiansViolentoppositiontoward him*ChinaThreatened by trade with Europeled to Opium Warsdefeated by GBGB took control of economy and trade, made it to benefit westQing dynasty in controlTaiping revolutions against QingWeakened empireGave Japan and Russia opportunity to attack and take some landSea-Linked Empires*Economies based on mercantilismcountry shouldexport more than itimports to gainwealthGreat Britain*Largest empire*20% of world land mass, 23% of human raceMostly tropical dependenciesSmall groups of Europeans controlling native populationsUsed for labourConsidered expendableSettlement coloniesWhite DominionsCanada and AustraliaMixed-settler coloniesSouth Africa, New Zealand, Hawaii, CaribbeanIndigenous mostly killed offEuropeans co-existed with nativesCreated a lot of conflictSense of white Christian cultural superiorityEconomic capitalism present in empiresLaissez-fairebelief that governmentshould not be part ofeconomic affairsbeyond protection ofpeace and propertyrightsfree competitionNew ImperiallismJapan*Focused on aggressive industrialization after Meiji Restoration*Wealth invested in military*Intent to build empire in Pacific*United States of America*Rapid territorial expansion after independence*DefeatednativesSigned diplomatictreaties with GB and FRMilitarily isolationist*Started geostrategic positioning against Japan in PacificGained Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam, Cuba in Spanish-American War of 1898*Used gunboat diplomacypursuing foreign policy objectives by demonstrating and/or threatening to use overwhelming forceRise in size and power of middle class*Resented by lower classSeen as threatening to upper classSocial DarwinismNations that can't adapt toindustrialization shouldn't be preventedfrom dying outBased on Darwin's theory of natural selectionGrowing opposition to conservatismFeminismFocus ongainingsuffrageAdvocated for abolitionism in USRussia first to give national political equality to women in 1906Most western industrialized countriesgave vote to women by 1925LiberalismDemanded end of absolute monarchiesDirect product of the EnlightenmentPrimarily middle class movementCalled for representative gov dominated by propertied classesWanted legal equality, religious tolerance, freedom of pressMarxismKarl Marx's "Communist Manifesto"No one owns property, no class distinctionsEverything produced is public goods to be divided evenly to all who participatedin the production systemNationalismProduct of imperialismStates and nations no longer matched upBelieved people joined by a common culture should be joined politically by a gov that meets their specific needsGoal to en imperialismParis Exposition Universelle*58 countries participatedExhibited technological advacementsTalking filmsMoving sidewalksSteel architectureDiesel engineElectrical lightsRecreations of indigenous temples and villages by French architectsColonies not allowed own pavilionsUSA had most exhibits and won most awardsChinese Boxer RebellionQing dynasty weakened*Internal disunityHeavy western intervention*Western imposed Open Door Policy in ChinaAgreement among world powers torespect the territorial integrity ofChinaIntended primarily to limitJapanese expansion in ChinaGB, Japan, Russia,Germany, France,Italy consentedCaused disagreements aboutspheres of interest of each powerin ChinaEmpress began chanelling aid to oppose westernersOpenly supported "The Righteous andHarmonious Fists" aka the BoxersBoxers attacked foreign embassies in PekingMurdered diplomats, christian missionaries, chinese christian convertsEmpress declared war on WestWest sent Eight-Nation AllianceQuickly captured BeijingForced Qing dynasty to accept the Boxer ProtocolAllowed western military forces tooccupy ChinaEnded Qing empireDistorted version of reality*European version of world*Palace of Electricity*Vastly different living styles inurban and rural areas*Portrayals of indigenous people veryracist, barbaric, primitive*Showed world white superiority*Globalization underway*Caused by trade, industrialization, colonization*Speed of transport and communication increasing*Railroads, steam ships*Easier access to information*Photography*Rotary printing press*Creation of popular press, widespread newspapers, etc. *Telegraph*Fairly accurate maps of world*Attempt to standardize the measure of time*Creation of time zones*Lead by GB*Rapid industrialization created a lot of city slums*Wealth not evenly divided*Gradually replaced aristocracy*Largely urban population*Constitutional monarchy*Monarchy seen as figure-heads, guarantee of stability and tradition*Prime Minister and Parliament had power*Vote not yet universal*Not common yet at the time*France*Second most powerful country and empire*Not as industrialized as GB*Governed by Third Republic*No monarch, no nobility*Lead by Prime Minister*Germany*Relatively new as nation-state (1871)*Rapidly industrialized after formation*Lead by KaiserWilhelm II(1888-1918)*Very rich as result*Head of gov appointed by Kaiser was Chancellor*Parliament made of Reichstag and Bundesrat*Relatively powerless*Controlled state finances*Not fully a representative democracy*Austria-Hungary*Collection of territories put together by Habsburgs*Many different ethnic regions*Not a true sense of unity*Wanted own ethnic nation-states*Slow in industrializing compared to GB,France, Germany*Multi-ethnic population*Not industrialized*Ruled by Tsar Nicholas II*Okhrana*secret police*Completely autocratic*Russian Revolution in 1905*Duma created but had no real power*Not industrializing as quickly*Lead by SultanAbdulhamit I*Lacked ability to collect taxes*Created publicdebtadministration*Foreigners incharge ofcollecting taxes*Made itdifficult tocatch up toEurope*Only really paid attention to politics in Americas*Very powerful*Large population from immigration*Lots ofnaturalresources*Heavily industrialized and urbanized*Democratic republic*Monroe Doctrine*Americans threatening Europeans ifthey tried to take any part of Americas*Roosevelt Corollary*Americans gave themselves the right to intervenein Central and South American politics*Causes resentment toward USA from them*Colonized or occupied areasAfrica*Almost completely controlled by Europeans*Entire continent colonized*India*Most important of British colonies*Captive market for GB products*Large population*Centre of world civilization*Rich in natural resources*Weakened Indian economy*Not able to industrialize, modernize*China*Not doing well*Caused Opium Wars*Hong Kong given to GB*Japanese gov imitating modernization in Europe*Imitated German mililtary*Lacks own natural resources*Wanted status as world power*Double click this nodeto edit the textClick and drag this buttonto create a new node