polygonal cells
ecto/endodermal origin
spindle-shaped cells
mesodermal origin
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia;
Philadelphia Chromosome
Neuroblastoma
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Walker's Law
Two-hit hypothesis: Retinoblastoma
common mutated genes in cancer
protein products assist oncogene activity
multiple malignancies, develop at
a younger age, multiple primary
tumors of varying types
(syndrome? mutation?)
most common carcinogen?
pre-cancerous conditions in which malignancy is most likely to occur
competitive antagonist of estrogen receptor
cancers most seen in young adult males
cancers more frequent in older men
cancers most frequent in children
overexpression of PDFGB
(PDGF-B chain)
overexpression of HST1
(fibroblast growth factors)
amplification of FGF3
(fibroblast growth factors)
overexpression of TGF-A
(TGF-a)
overexpression of HGF
mutation/amplification of ERBB1, ERBB2
(EGFR, HER)
point mutation of FLT3
(FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3)
point mutation of RET
(receptor for neurotrophic factors)
overexpression/translocation of PDGFRB
(PDGF receptor)
point mutation in KIT
(receptor for KIT ligand)
translocation/fusion gene formation of ALK
(ALK receptor)
point mutation of ALK
point mutation of KRAS
(G protein)
point mutation of HRAS
(G protein)
point mutation of NRAS
(G protein)
point mutation of GNAQ
(G protein)
point mutation of GNAS
(G protein)
translocation of ABL
(nonreceptor tyrosine kinase)
point mutation of ABL
(nonreceptor tyrosine kinase)
point mutation, translocation of BRAF
(RAS signal transduction)
point mutation, translocation, gene arrangement of NOTCH1
(Notch signal transduction)
translocation of JAK2
(JAK/STAT)
translocation of MYC
(transcriptional activators)
amplification of NMYC
(transcriptional activators)
translocation of CCND1
(Cyclin D1)
Amplification of CCND1
(cyclin D1)
amplification/point mutation of CDK4
(cyclin-dependent kinase)
