These are the word banks for the exam. I left some other things in there that I think will be good to know for multiple choice. Enjoy
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Created by miriamadaeze
over 10 years ago
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all species and their abiotic environment in an area
the position of an organism in the ecosystem according to how it obtains energy
Know the cycle of materials
(from bottom up)
What is transfer efficiency?
the amount of water pumped into the atmosphere by evaporation from the ground via transportation from vegetation- measure of solar radiation, temperature and rainfall
a linear sequence of species (or groups of species) in which each species feeds exclusively on the next tropic level down the chain?
complex trophic relationships among species in an ecosystem
the pattern of movement of a chemical element through
living organisms and the four components of the physical
environment (land, air, freshwater, oceans)
Conversion of soluble nitrogenous compounds to atmospheric N2
the ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system.
study sites with highest N deposition rates had lowest species richness, why?
The development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches
when a later group has caused the extinction or reduction of an earlier group; the later group outcompeted the earlier group
instances in which two or more indistinguishable species don't interbreed
reduction or prevention of gene flow between populations by genetically determined differences between them.
type of isolation where potential mates do not meet
gametes fail to produce viable zygotes
hybrids have developmental problems
a set of genetic traits which have high fitness when they occur together, but low fitness when not together
an adaptation to prevent the production of unfit hybrids, usually by strengthening of prezygotic barriers in sympatric populations
colonists carry only a small fraction of the total variation in the source causing a loss of alleles in the founding population
How can reproductive isolation evolve without geographic isolation?
union of unreduced gametes of the same species
What are the barriers to gene flow? (This is the study on evolution of sympatric host races.)
the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism
process that produces adaptations resulting from differential reproductive success among organisms in the same population
Phenotypic variation during an individuals lifetime caused by environmental variation
individuals fitness + relative's fitness
relationship between the benefit and cost of a trait in a different environment
All life functions cannot be simultaneously maximized, leading to tradeoffs
where a species lives and how it obtains resources
part of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies caused by interactions with other species
benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes
relatively long term response by an organism to environmental change
distribution of organisms in space at one moment in time
The entire span of an organism from fertilization to death
Age specific expectation of future reproduction
process when individuals share resources that are in short supply
when an animal eats another organism
results in amino acid substitution on the polypeptide
when an individual has different copies of an allele
The site on a chromosome occupied by a specific gene
when heterozygotes show a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygotes
a form of nonrandom mating in which individuals are more likely to mate with relatives than with nonrelatives
set of species living in a particular place
random change in gene frequencies within populations caused by sampling error
the proportion of the population that are heterozygous
when fitness is higher for heterozygotes than homozygotes
movement of genotypes from one population to another
the limit in the degree of overlap that will allow species to coexist
when species differ more where they are together (sympatric) than where they are alone (allopatric)
when two or more species affect one another's evolution
species that are brightly colored to advertise that they are harmful
temporal change in community composition
Origination rates are higher for specialized taxa because new species can avoid competing with other species by specializing on unique resources; Extinction rates of specialist taxa are higher because they are more sensitive to environmental variation
specific parts of a pathogen protein that the host's immune system recognizes and remembers
warming of earth caused by higher concentrations of gases that absorb heat
Increased growth rate, levels off at high concentrations of oxygen, may not occur when nutrients are in short supply and short term enhancement decreases in the long run
The ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean caused by uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere
services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services
Products obtained from ecosystems
Nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystems
Use of natural enemies to control pests
Interactions among individuals in which all benefit
Specifically binds to a foreign substance in the blood or other tissue fluids and initiate its removal from the body
an environment defined by its climatic and geographic attributes and characterized by ecologically similar organisms, particularly dominant plants
preserves average characteristic of population by favoring average individuals
a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
Genotype and environment interact to determine the phenotype of an organism
form nodules and are able to convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia
enhances nutrient and water uptake
The area an animal normally lives
An exclusive area used and defended by an individual
r-K selection theory
when an animal eats either other animals or plants
Intimate association between species
Flagellated protozoans with chloroplasts that live in the gastrodermis of corals
Early species modify the environment in a way that allows later species to colonize
Evolutionary history of relationships among organisms or their genes
The ability of a pathogen to cause disease and death
The separation or division of a group of organisms by a geographic barrier such as a mountain resulting in differentiation of the original group into new species
Ability to withstand the effects of a pathogen
New populations are different from old population and the change is so much greater than microevolution within a population
reduction of gene flow and allowance for adaptation
mixing of different species to produce hybrids
The killing and eating of potential competitors; combination of competition and predation
Conversion of ammonia into nitrite by Nitrosomonas bacteria. Nitrite is then converted to nitrate by Nitrobacter.
when one organism lives inside the other and the two typically behaving as a single organism.
