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FlashCards por ACAPUN INSTITUTE, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por ACAPUN INSTITUTE
aproximadamente 5 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| Prevalent | numeric expression of all existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population measured at a given point or period of time. |
| Epidemic | the occurrence of disease in excess of normal in a specific community or region |
| Incidence | the development of new cases of a disease or condition within a specified time period. |
| Endemic | the relatively low but constant presence of disease in a particular geographic region |
| ***Descriptive design | I can only find descriptive approach on pg 199? |
| Mortality | the death rate resulting from a specific disease or condition. |
| Morbidity | the extent of disease, injury, or disability in a defined population. |
| Oral epidemiology | the only study within epidemiology that is specific to diseases confined to one component of the body, the oral cavity. |
| survey | gather broad information about status quo, large sample size questionnaires and interviews |
| case study | conduct in depth report on a single person group or event observations testing and records review |
| cross sectional | to study cross section of pop. In limited period of time |
| cohort or longitudinal | to study same pop. Over extended period of time |
| document or content analysis | to analyze documents themselves examination of records or documents for specific information or presentation style |
| trend | combines descriptive and historical research to establish patterns from the past and present in order to predict future occurrences records review, review of the literature interviews observation surveys |
| correlational | measure the relationship between variables comparing two data sets |
| retrospective (causal-comparative or ex post facto) | to investigate existing differences to determine possible causes reverse of experimental approach. Independent variable is not manipulated |
| Prospective cohort pg 198? | A prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome. |
| dental fluorosis | chronic fluoride toxicity |
| group has the highest prevalence and severity of gingivitis? | Youth |
| Sampling of a population | a) Convenience b) Random c) Systematic d) Pooling e) Experimental double-blind clinical trials |
| Convenience | sample of individuals who are most readily available to be selected for the study |
| Random | every possible subject is selected independently and has an equal chance of being selected |
| Systematic | samples every "nth" subject, which is determined by dividing the total population size by the desired sampling size |
| Pooling | In statistics, pooled variance (also known as combined, composite, or overall variance) is a method for estimating variance of several different populations when the mean of each population may be different, but one may assume that the variance of each population is the same. |
| Experimental double-blind clinical trials | research projects which neither the subjects not the investigators know who is in the control group and the other group that recieves the experimental treatment |
| Research hypothesis | A hypothesis stated in terms of a positive outcome |
| Null hypothesis | initial negative statement of belief about the value of a population parameter. EX: two groups do not differ on as to a variable |
| Positive hypothesis | same as research |
| Clinical hypothesis | A question to be answered in a study ( hypotheses are the result of asking a question that can be researched) |
| Nominal variable | scale of measurement. Organizes data into categories with no rank order or value and no numeric relationship. |
| Ordinal variable | scale of measurement. Organizes data into categories that are ranked in order based on some criterion. An example is the level of difficulty of patients: Class 0, 1, 2, 3. |
| Continuous variable | Variable that can be expressed by a large and infinite number of measures along a continuum and in a fraction, and considered quantitative |
| Inter-rater reliability | Refers to the degree of agreement between two or more examiners when they measure a disease or condition with a dental index. |
| Validity of the study: Internal validity External validity | means that the study measured what it was supposed to measure means that the results of the study can be inferred to the general population and depends on how well the sample represents the population |
| Reliability of the study | refers to the degree to which the study would yield the same result with in the same population each time the study is repeated |
| random sample | a sample in which every subject is selected independently and has an equal chance of being selected. The best way to ensure adequate representation |
| Mean | average of scores |
| Median | midpoint of scores |
| Mode | scores that occur more often |
| FDA | Food and drug administration |
| CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| WIC | Women, infants, and children |
| WHO | World health organization |
| PANDA | prevent abuse and neglect through dental awareness |
| NIH | National institute of health |
| DHPSA | Dental Health Professional Shortage Area |
| HMO | health maintenance organization |
| USPHS | United States public health services AIDS- acquired immune deficiency synd |
| AIDS | acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| GI | Gingival Index |
| OHI-S | oral hygiene instructions simplified |
| LOA | loss of attachment |
| FPL | federal poverty level? |
| Formative evaluation | an internal examination of a program's process and is usually conducted while planning the program |
| Summative | an examination of a program's merit after it has been implemented. |
| Lesson plan | written document used in planning a presentation |
| Barriers | anything that limits an individual's ability to receive dental services pg 141 |
| Mortality | refers to the death rate resulting from a specific disease or condition |
| Morbidity | the extent of disease, injury, or disability in a defined population |
| Evidence-based practice | dental hygiene practice that is based on published research meaning that practitioners derive decisions from documented evidence rather than anecdotal tradition |
| Dental Public Health | concerned with the healthcare of a population as a whole rather that the treatment of an individual. |
| Capitation - (Capitation plan?) | plan which a dental provider contracts with a third party to provide all or most of the services to a specified group of people in return for a fixed monthly payment, which is determined according to the number of individuals or families in the group |
| Cultural competency | awareness and understanding of cultural difference |
| Cultural sensitivity | awareness and understanding of cultures different from ones own |
| target profile (target population profile?) | comprehensive overview of the target population that includes specific descriptions |
| needs analysis | is the process of identifying and evaluating needs (see sample definitions below) in. a community or other defined population of people. The identification of needs is a process of. describing "problems" of a target population and possible solutions to these problems. (not from the book) |
| Pilot study | a version of a proposed study (pg 197) |
| Access to care | the ability to obtain care |
| Intervention- ?? | Public Health Intervention Definition Surveillance Describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions. (not from the book) |
| health disparities | refer to differences in the health status of different groups of people. Some groups of people have higher rates of certain diseases, and more deaths and suffering from them, compared to others. These groups may be based on. Race. Ethnicity. (not from the book) |
| Compliance | the action or fact of complying with a wish or command (not from book) |
| What is the definition of dental public health? | The science and art of preventing oral disease, promoting oral health and improving the quality of life through the organised efforts of society |
| What are the domains of practice of dental public health? | Health protection Health surveillance Dental Service Public Health Health Improvement |
| What is the objective of health protection? | Reduce exposures to health hazards e.g. immunisation |
| What is the objective of health surveillance? | To survey and monitor specific disease and risk factors for oral and general health |
| What is the objective of health services? | To improve the quality, coverage, efficiency and equity impact of dental services |
| What is the purpose of health improvement? | To more effectively tackle the determinants of health through better policies, programmes, regulation and legislation |
| What are examples of social determinants of health? | Social gradient and mobility Addictions Stress Unemployment Ethnicity |
| What is social exclusion? | The conceptualisation of individuals, families or groups relative to their society and the degree to which they are being pushed to society's edges and are being excluded from society |
| How can unemployment typically affect health? | 25% higher mortality rate Increased depression and stress Increased tobacco and alcohol use Poorer oral hygiene |
| How can homelessness relate to cancer prevalence? | Being homeless can increase the risk of contracting oral cancer by 95% compared with the NI population |
| What is MDAS? | Modified dental anxiety scale |
| How can decayed and missing teeth influence depression? | Through oral health related quality of life (OHIP) |
| What does the term 'Magic Bullet' refer to? | A chemical or drug that would kill the target microbe but not the person with the disease |
| What percentage of dentate adults in Scotland claimed to attend regular check ups? | 61$% |
| What percentage of dentate adults in Scotland claimed to attend occasional check ups? | 10% |
| What percentage of dentate adults in Scotland claimed to attend the dentist when experiencing pain? | 27% |
| What percentage of dentate adults in Scotland claimed to never attend the dentist? | 2% |
| What are moderate daily drinking levels? | 3-4 units per day for males 2-3 units per day for females |
| What would be considered binge drinking? | More than 8 units per day for males More than 6 units per day for females |
| What percentage of adults in Scotland exceed moderate daily drinking limits? | males 34% females 23% |
| What are the lay concepts of illness? | Normal illness e.g. infectious diseases Real illness which require a visit to the doctor Health problems that are not illnesses e.g. ageing or personality |
| What are the lay concepts of the 3 aspects of the causation of illness? | The causative agent is internal/external The condition is avoidable/unavoidable The person is to blame/or not to blame |
| What are the three aspects of the triangle of health? | Physical health Social health and well-being Pyscological health |
| What is the WHO definition of health? | A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| What is the WHO definition of oral health? | The ability to speak, smile, smell, tase, touch, chew, swallow and convey a range of emotions through facial expressions with confidence and without pain, discomfort and disease of the craniofacial complex |
| What is dental caries? | A bacterial disease of the calcified tissues of teeth characterised by demineralisation of the inorganic and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth |
| What is the critical pH at which enamel demineralises? | 5.5 |
| What are the three factors required for dental caries? | Susceptible tooth Time Substrate |
| How can caries susceptibility and risk be reduced? | Increase salivary buffering capacity Protective coatings Remove plaque bacteria Diet |
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