1003476
Descrição
Mapa Mental por 06mcdonnelleli, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por 06mcdonnelleli
quase 10 anos atrás
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Theories of Crime/Deviance
- Functionalism
- DURKHEIM
- Inevitable, Universal, Relative, Functional (reinforces
boundaries preventing anomie.
- - Doesn't explain causes.
- Inevitable, Universal, Relative, Functional (reinforces
boundaries preventing anomie.
- MERTON
- Crime exists because society shares American Dream.
- Not everyone can achieve lawfully.
- STRAIN between ambitions and ability.
- STRAIN between ambitions and ability.
- Responses: Conformity,
Innovation, Ritualism,
Retreatism, Rebellion
- Not everyone can achieve lawfully.
- + Messner & Rosenheld:
explains why Japan low crime
US high.
- +Nightingale; found Philidelphia gangs
wanted latest goods, did this illegally.
- +Nightingale; found Philidelphia gangs
wanted latest goods, did this illegally.
- - Doesn't explain crimes without £$ gain.
- - Determinist
- - Official Statistics, interpretivists don't like
- - Accepts official stat w-c=criminal, what about corporate? MARXISTS
- Crime exists because society shares American Dream.
- DURKHEIM
- Subcultural Theorists
- COHEN
- w-c delinquent due to status frustration
- Can't gain status via academic success so through delinquency.
- Can't gain status via academic success so through delinquency.
- w-c delinquent due to status frustration
- CLOWARD & OHLIN
- w-c boys join gangs - status through promotion
= commit crimes to get promoted.
- w-c boys join gangs - status through promotion
= commit crimes to get promoted.
- MILLER
- w-c 'focal concerns' differ from consensus values
- Focal concerns mean more likely to get in
trouble e.g. 'laugh' 'toughness'
- Focal concerns mean more likely to get in
trouble e.g. 'laugh' 'toughness'
- w-c 'focal concerns' differ from consensus values
- DOWNES found no evidence of; focal
c's or status frustration in UK
- MATZA, determinist, people actually
'float' in/out of gangs not STUCK.
- COHEN
- Marxist Subcultural Theory
- w-c boys disadvantaged under cap. = gangs and
crime as form of 'resistance' against cap.
- + 'Skinheads' 60s, w-c 'uniform' bc loosing their culture
- - suggesting crime is 'god'?
- Marxism
- Capitalism is a crime as it is based on exploitation.
- And it causes crime because of it's values e.g. 'competition'.
- SUPPORTING MERTON?
- SUPPORTING MERTON?
- And it causes crime because of it's values e.g. 'competition'.
- The real criminals are those - corporate crime/white-collar (SLAPPER&TOMBS)
- We are manipulated into thinking these crimes aren't
really that major - so won't challenge cap. and rebel.
- Not really punished 'fines'
- Not really punished 'fines'
- We are manipulated into thinking these crimes aren't
really that major - so won't challenge cap. and rebel.
- - Why do communist countries have crime then?
- Capitalism is a crime as it is based on exploitation.
- w-c boys disadvantaged under cap. = gangs and
crime as form of 'resistance' against cap.
- Environmental Theory
- SHAW&McKAY
- Chicago, 'concentric zones'.
- Zone nearest city = crime bc 'zone of transition' - low sense of 'community due to high population turnover.
- Zone nearest city = crime bc 'zone of transition' - low sense of 'community due to high population turnover.
- Cultural Transmission - poorest parts
of city crime = 'norm' passed through
genertaions.
- 'Problem Families' TIPPING - BALDWIN&BOTTOMS
- Broken Windows Theory
- GILL - LUKE STREET
- Broken Windows Theory
- Chicago, 'concentric zones'.
- SUTHERLAND&CRESSEY 'differential association'
- Determinist? not so easily influenced?
- Determinist? not so easily influenced?
- Privatisation public space,
Nocturnal economy
- SHAW&McKAY
- Social Action theory
- Labelling
- BECKER - 'self-fulfilling prop', 'master label' 'deviant career'.
- M-C use 'cultural capital' t talk way out of
crimes, why w-c seem more crim. - official stats = constructs
- M-C use 'cultural capital' t talk way out of
crimes, why w-c seem more crim. - official stats = constructs
- JOCK YOUNG 'hippies' - 'deviancy amplification'
- CHAMBLISS 'Saints & Roughnecks' & RDU
- BECKER - 'self-fulfilling prop', 'master label' 'deviant career'.
- BRAITHWITE - 'shaming' - 'disintegrative'=reoffending marginalised.
- + countries with 'integrative' lower
reoffending rates.
- + countries with 'integrative' lower
reoffending rates.
- Labelling
- Postmodernists
- Identity choice.
- Identity choice.
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