Principles of Marine Biology

1. oxygen since 2.5 by
2. 1 % during boring billion (2-1 bya)
3. today 21 %

1. major processes of CO2 uptake
   1. weathering
   2. diatom growth
      1. biological carbon pump

1. atmosphere: ~ 800 gt
2. land biota: 550 gt

   Anotações:

   • mostly wood!
3. ocean biota: 3 gt

1. physico-chemical properties of environment

1. mortality due to grazers and predators

1. no space holding
   1. defence driving speciation

1. space holding
   1. growth driving speciation

1. allopatric

   Anotações:

   • spatial separation, inbreeding impossible
2. sympatric

   Anotações:

   • no separation, but no sexual interaction (e.g. because of mutation in sex organs)

1. pathogens
2. predators
3. parasites

1. microbial decomposition
   1. respiration

1. nutrients
   1. macro-
      1. C, O, H, N, S, P, Si, K, Na, Cl
   2. micro-
      1. Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, I etc.
         1. Fe
            1. key limiting nutrient
               1. HNLC-regions
                  1. high nutrient, low chlorophyll
                     1. upwelling regions
                        1. high N and P conc.
                        2. limited PP growth
                  2. subarctic Pacific
                  3. equatorial Pacific
                  4. entire Southern Ocean
                     1. iron fertilization experiments
                        1. deep C export due to induced PP blooms
                        2. 3 Mio t FeSO4/y would be needed
                        3. EISENEX
                        4. EIFEX
                        5. LOHAFEX
2. production
   1. new
      1. based on nitrate uptake
         1. accumulation of biomass
            1. bloom of phytoplankton
   2. regenerated
      1. based on remineralisation
         1. no increase in biomass
      2. greatest part of oceanic production
3. nitrogen cycle
   1. N2-fixation
   2. denitrification
   3. nitrification
   4. nitrogen excretion

1. microbial decomposition
   1. respiration

1. Cyanobacteria
   1. Prochlorococcus (Chl. b)
   2. Synechococcus
   3. colonial genera
      1. Trichodesmium
      2. Anabaena
      3. Nostoc
2. Diatoms
   1. diplpoid
   2. no flagellae
   3. chitin bristles
   4. cell wall of amorphous silica

      Anotações:

      • [(SiO2)n(H2O)]
      1. shape
         1. pennate
            1. raphid

               Anotações:

               • slid in cell wall used for locomotion
            2. araphid

               Anotações:

               • no slid
         2. centric
   5. 40-50 % of marine primary production
   6. toxic for some animals

      Anotações:

      • release aldehyde when ingested
3. Haptophytes/Prymnesiophytes
   1. nanoflagellates
   2. Phaeocystis

      Anotações:

      • ~ 10 species ~ 3 make colonies start life at the spines of diatoms
   3. Coccolithophorids
      1. calcaerous plates
         1. calcite
4. Dinoflagellates
   1. mixotrophic
   2. haploid

      Anotações:

      • sexual and asexual reproduction
   3. 3 feeding modi
      1. direct engulfment
      2. peduncle feeding
      3. palium feeding
   4. toxic species
      1. harmful algal blooms

1. Kitenoplastids/Bodonids
2. Choanoflagellates

   Anotações:

   • base of animal lineage
3. heterotrophic nano-/and dinoflagellates
4. Tintinnids

   Anotações:

   • ciliates; can't be digested, protein can't be broken down
   1. Choreotrichs
   2. Mesodinium
5. Radiolaria
   1. internal silica skeleton
   2. much older than diatoms
6. Acantharia
   1. celestite skeleton

      Anotações:

      • SrSO4
      1. well protected
   2. predators

      Anotações:

      • feed on copepods etc.
7. Foraminifera
   1. hundreds of benthic, ~46 planktonic species
   2. calcite/aragonite
   3. diploid

      Anotações:

      • sexual reproduction, not only sexual phase!
   4. lunar cycle
   5. us. predators

Anotações:

• Copepods, Euphausiids, Coelenterata, Ctenophores, Tunicates, Pteropods, Chaetognaths etc.

1. Copepods
   1. cosmopolitan genera

      Anotações:

      • Pseudocalanus, Oithona, Euchaeta, Calanus, Metridia, Acartia, Centropages
   2. 6 nauplii and 6 copepodid stages
   3. about 2/3 muscles: thoracopods
2. 2 types
   1. watery

      Anotações:

      • salps & jellies
   2. muscular

      Anotações:

      • copepods & krill
3. Cladocerans (Daphnids)
   1. parthenogenetic
   2. filter-feeders
   3. slow swimmers
   4. 3 marine genera
      1. Penilia
      2. Evadne
      3. Podon
4. Euphausiids

   Anotações:

   • shrimp-like, e.g. krill large swarms
5. Pteropods
   1. pelagic gastropods
   2. aragonite shells

Anotações:

• pico: 0.2-2 µm nano: 2-20µm micro: 20-200 µm meso: 0.2-20 mm macro: 2-20 cm mega: 20-200 cm

1. 106:16:1