interactional language

referential language

expressive language

transactional language

phatic language

1. worked out in advance
2. designed for specific audience and purpose
3. needs to be well written
4. performed or delivered to try and make an impact
5. needs to maintain the interest of listeners
6. examples include political speeches and sermons

1. not prepared or written down beforehand
2. delivered on the spot as soon as, or shortly after, the idea comes to the speaker
3. usually informal (depending on context)
4. usually shared with people known to the speaker
5. mainly in response to another speaker

ellipsis

phatic expressions

false starts

back-channelling

deictic expressions

non-fluency features

elision

hedging

openings
responses
adjacency pairs
signalling closure

topic shifts