In the formation of nitrobenzene from benzene, what is the role of the nitronium ion?
Nucleophile
Electrophile
Catalyst
Reducing agent
Which of the following will produce effervescence when added to sodium hydrogencarbonate?
Ethanoyl chloride
Ethanol
Ethanoic acid
Ethanoic anhydride
What catalyst is used in Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions?
Concentrated sulphuric acid
Iron
Concentrated phosphoric acid
Aluminium chloride
Which TWO types of reaction are involved in the formation of lactic acid from ethanal?
Nucleophilic addition
Nucleophilic substitution
Electrophilic addition
Hydrolysis
Which of the following is not a use of esters?
Soap
Flavourings
Cooking oil
Solvents
Kekulé suggested that benzene had the structure cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene. The enthalpy of hydrogenation of cyclohexene is -120kJ/mol, and that of benzene is -208kJ/mol. This shows that
Kekulé's model is correct
Benzene is more thermodynamically stable than Kekulé's model suggests
Benzene is less thermodynamically stable than Kekulé's model suggests
Benzene is more reactive than Kekulé's model suggests
Racemic mixtures are optically inactive.
What is the reducing agent used to reduce aldehydes and ketones to alcohols?
Hydrogen
Sodium tetrahydridoborate(III)
Tollens' reagent
Acidifed potassium dichromate(VI)
Which of the following are products of a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction?
Hydrochloric acid
Water
Acyl chloride
Aromatic ketone
Benzene
Acylium ion
Tetrachloroaluminate ion
A chiral compound is one which exhibits geometric isomerism.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why ethanoic anhydride is preferred over ethanoyl chloride in the industrial synthesis of aspirin?
Ethanoic anhydride reacts more easily with salicylic acid.
Ethanoic anhydride is cheaper.
Ethanoic anhydride is safer.
Ethanoic anhydride does not react easily with water.
What is the reduction product of the reaction of an aldehyde with Tollens' reagent?
A carboxylic acid
A primary alcohol
Silver
Ammonia
Benzene will undergo which of the following reactions?
Electrophilic substitution
What mechanism is involved in the reduction of ketones to secondary alcohols?
Elimination
Ethanoic anhydride is more reactive than ethanoyl chloride.
When synthesising drugs, manufacturers often find that they make a racemate due to the chirality of the drug. The enantiomers can be hard to separate. For what TWO reasons is this a problem?
The enantiomers reflect polarised light in opposite directions
Enzymes are specific to optical isomers, so one of them is likely to be ineffective
One of the isomers may have harmful side effects
Racemates are toxic
Laboratory reactions should never produce racemates
Positive enantiomers reflect a plane of polarised light anticlockwise.
What are the products of the reaction of 1-ethylpropylbenzoate with water?
Phenol and 2-methylbutanoic acid
Pentan-3-ol and benzoic acid
Pentan-2-ol and benzoic acid
Propanol and 1-ethylbenzoic acid
