Differences between mechanoreceptors and nociceptors.

Main type of neuron fibers for pain.

What are the ion channels for nociception called?

What type of signals are recognized by TRPVs?

T/F: TRP channels are polymodel.

_____ fibers relay the first, sharp pain while ______ fibers relay the second, dull pain.

T/F: it is impossible to block pain.

A-delta fiber terminates in lamina _____, _____ and _____ of the spinal cord.
C fiber terminates in lamina _______ and _______ of the spinal cord.

Both A-delta and C fibers synapse with ________ cell in lamina V of the spinal cord.

The pain signal is related to _________ after leaving the spinal cord.

Another type of afferents that share the WDR cell with nociception signal is _________.

Nociceptive-specific neurons have cell bodies in lamina ___.

What causes referred pain?

T/F: Pain is proportional to the probability of tissue damage.

What is peripheral hyperalgesia?

Mechanism of peripheral hyperalgesia:
1. damaged area releases _____.
2. this causes the release of _____, which directly stimulates adjacent nociceptors to release ____________ and _______.
3. ______ causes dilation of peripheral blood vessels, and liberates additional ________ which spreads to nearby locations.

Wind-up is a phenomenon that happens to the _____ fiber.

In servere or persistene injury, the ___ fibers fire repetitively and the synaptic strength onto ________ increases progressively. This is referred to as ________ or ________.

Which of the neurotransmitters have specific reuptake mechanism? Substance P or glutamate?

At the synapse, post-synaptic receptors of A-delta fibers have receptors such as ______ and ______.

In addition to AMPA and NMDA receptors, the post-synaptic receptors of C fibers also have _____ and ________ receptors.

T/F: There are less NMDA receptors but more NK1 receptors on post-synaptic neuron of C fibers.

Build-up of ______ increases the NMDA response to glutamate.

The 5 pain pathways in the body are:

Localization of pain is accomplished by the ______ tract.

the sensory-discriminative pain processing pathway

Pathway of the affective/ motivational pain processing pathway

Other non-cortex regions involved in pain processing.

PET scan demonstrated that the thermal grill illusion activates ________ for all conditions, and ______ only in noxious stimuli and grill.

The hypothesis for thermal grill is similar to that of

What are some changes that occur in the brain when acute pain becomes chronic?

Spinal pain gating:
1. both C fiber and A-beta fibers synapse with the ___________ neuron.
2. They also both synapse with ________ interneuron which inhibits the projection neuron.
3. However, C fiber (excites/inhibits) the inhibitory neuron while A-beta fibers do the opposite.
4. Therefore, when there is an increased mechanoceptor input, the inhibitory neuron is (more/less) active, resulting in (increased/decreased) inhibition of the projection neuron, hence less pain.

There can also be pain mitigation happening at the _______ level, from __________ or ________.

T/F: Motor activity cannot mitigate pain.

Pt. with chronic low back pain demonstrates (anterior/posterior) shift in CoG.

Conditions with recently-recognized motor cortex dysfunction: