Chapter 10 - Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment

shared nonshared( shared, nonshared ) environmental influences contribute most to positively tones temperamental attributes.

shared nonshared( shared, nonshared ) environmental influences contribute most to negatively toned temperamental attributes.

The infant's capability for social referencing self-evaluation self-recognition emotional knowledge( social referencing, self-evaluation, self-recognition, emotional knowledge ) is thought to be necessary for the development of all complex emotions.

The infant's emotional regulation emotional expression emotional knowledge( emotional regulation, emotional expression, emotional knowledge ) are communicative signals that affect the behavior of caregivers.

The child's capability for emotional expressivity emotional self evaluation social referencing emotional self regulation( emotional expressivity, emotional self evaluation, social referencing, emotional self regulation ) is necessary for the child to comply with emotional display rules.

psychoanalytic learning cognitive-development ethological( psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive-development, ethological ) theory proposes that infants are attached once the caregiver attains the status of a secondary reinforcer.

psychoanalytic learning cognitive-development ethological( psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive-development, ethological ) theory proposes that infants protest separations when they cannot account for the caregiver's whereabouts.

psychoanalytic learning cognitive-development ethological( psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive-development, ethological ) theory proposes that the caregiver's feeding practices determine the strength of infant attachments.

Ainsworth's caregiving hypothesis Kagan's temperament hypothesis Thas & Chess's goodness-of-fit model Kachanska's integrative theory( Ainsworth's caregiving hypothesis, Kagan's temperament hypothesis, Thas & Chess's goodness-of-fit model, Kachanska's integrative theory ) best summarizes how characteristics of infants and caregivers combine to influence attachment quality.

Ainsworth's caregiving hypothesis Kagan's temperament hypothesis Thomas & Chess's goodness-of-fit model Kochanska's integrative theory( Ainsworth's caregiving hypothesis, Kagan's temperament hypothesis, Thomas & Chess's goodness-of-fit model, Kochanska's integrative theory ) has difficulty explaining why an infant might be securely attached to one parent and insecurely attached to the other parent.

Ainsworth's caregiving hypothesis Kagan's temperament hypothesis Thomas & Chess's goodness-of-fit Kochanska's integrative theory( Ainsworth's caregiving hypothesis, Kagan's temperament hypothesis, Thomas & Chess's goodness-of-fit, Kochanska's integrative theory ) claims that temperament influences attachment classification only when caregiving does not foster a secure attachment.

An infant with a secure resistant avoidant disorganized/disoriented( secure, resistant, avoidant, disorganized/disoriented ) attachment will greet the mother warmly and seek physical contact with her when he is distressed

An infant with a secure resistant avoidant disorganized/disoriented( secure, resistant, avoidant, disorganized/disoriented ) attachment will turn away from and ignore her mother, even when the mother tries to get the infant's attention.

An infant with a secure resistant avoidant disorganized/disoriented( secure, resistant, avoidant, disorganized/disoriented ) attachment shows confusion about whether to approach or avoid her mother.

An infant with a secure resistant avoidant disorganized/disoriented( secure, resistant, avoidant, disorganized/disoriented ) attachment may seem angry with her mother and resist physical contact initiated by her mother.

Each culture has emotional regulation rules emotional display rules social referencing rules socialization rules( emotional regulation rules, emotional display rules, social referencing rules, socialization rules ) that specify for children of each gender the appropriate intensity of emotion and the appropriate valence (positive or negative) of emotion that is acceptable in that culture.

After the asocial phase of attachments phase of indiscriminate attachments phase of specific attachments phase of multiple attachments( asocial phase of attachments, phase of indiscriminate attachments, phase of specific attachments, phase of multiple attachments ), infants use ther attachment object as a secure base for exploration.

Infants may form attachment classifications temperamental classifications Q-set models internal working models( attachment classifications, temperamental classifications, Q-set models, internal working models ) of themselves and of others, which are somewhat stable over time and influence their reactions to people and challenges for years to come.