Neuroscience Exam #2 - Anxiety

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Questão 1 de 85

Anxiety disorders facts:

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Highest prevalence of any mental health disorder
More prevalent in women
<45 years old
Divorced, separated
Adolescents

Explicação

Questão 2 de 85

Age of onset for anxiety disorders is

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Early adulthood
Adulthood
Elderly
Childhood or early adolescene

Explicação

Questão 3 de 85

Which of the following is NOT a medical rule out for anxiety

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Endocrine disorders
Neoplastic disorders
Hepatic disorders
Lyme disease
Hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmune disorders
Pulmonary disorders
Cardiovascular disorders
Neurological disorders

Explicação

Questão 4 de 85

Selecione das listas do Menu para completar o texto.

DSM Anxiety Disorders include ( anxiety, bipolar ) disorders, ( obsessivecompulsive, mood ) disorders and ( trauma or stressor related, personality disorders ) disorders

Explicação

Questão 5 de 85

Selecione das listas do Menu para completar o texto.

Eustress vs. Distress: remember stress isn't always negative
( Eustress:, Distress: ) Motivating, short-term, exciting
( Eustress:, Distress: ) Short- or long-term, perceived as beyond coping ability, unpleasant

Explicação

Questão 6 de 85

“Anxiety and fear are cousins but not twins. ❌ sees a threat. ❌ imagines one.” – Max Lucado

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

Fear

Anxiety

Explicação

Questão 7 de 85

Neuroanatomy of anxiety. Which parts of the brain are involved.
❌ ❌ ❌ ❌

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

Prefrontal cortex

ventral tegmental area

orbitofrontal cortex

mammillary bodies

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

limbic system

Explicação

Questão 8 de 85

In neuroanatomy of anxiety, what is the function of the prefrontal cortex

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Executive functioning, planning, decision making
Predicting consequences
Understanding social behavior
Control impuses and regulates mood

Explicação

Questão 9 de 85

Preencha o espaço em branco para completar o texto.

In the neuroanatomy of anxiety, the cortex controls impulses, regulates mood, and drives moral judgment

Explicação

Questão 10 de 85

Which is not a feature of the limbic system

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Structures between the cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem
Not a discrete “system” but rather a collection of anatomically-related structures with varying functions
Center for emotional responsiveness, motivation, memory, olfaction, safety
Phylogenetically ancient, paleomammalian brain
Controls moral judgement and controls impulses

Explicação

Questão 11 de 85

Preencha o espaço em branco para completar o texto.

cortex is in charge of reward processing – think and visceral response to emotions

Explicação

Questão 12 de 85

❌ -Spatial navigation. Memory formation/storage
❌ – Processes emotional stimuli. Receives information about physical needs. Initiates behavioral response
❌ – Receives unprocessed sensory input. Connects endocrine system to nervous system via pituitary gland
❌ – sensory processing. Hub of information transfer. Directs sensory input for processing

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Explicação

Questão 13 de 85

Preencha o espaço em branco para completar o texto.

The :
Shifts short-term memory to long-term memory
Encodes our memory with emotions by interacting with amygdala
Interacts with amygdala to encode emotional memories
Active in imaging studies during fearful situations

Explicação

Questão 14 de 85

Neuroanatomy of the hippocampus in anxiety

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Seahorse-shaped structure in medial temporal lobe
Receives input from neurotransmitter systems and sends output to the rest of the brain
Memory formation and storage
Related to stress sensitivity and resiliency
Structures between the cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem

Explicação

Questão 15 de 85

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The hippocampus is related to stress sensitivity and resiliency. A ( large, small ) hippocampus is protective agains anxiety disorders. A ( large, small ) hippcampus has increased risk of PTSD in the context of trauma

Explicação

Questão 16 de 85

The amygdala has three groups, a medial group, a basal-lateral group, and a central group. Which group has connections with the hypothalamus and the brain stem, cues the endocrine system response, and influences expression of emotion, and triggers the autonomic nervous system?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Medial
Basal-lateral
Central group

Explicação

Questão 17 de 85

Neuroendocrine pathways for the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. Let's review as this is probably an exam question:
Activated by ❌
Hypothalamus releases ❌
CRF binds to receptors on ❌
❌ is released
ACTH binds to receptors on ❌
❌ are released!

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

anterior pituitary gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

adrenal cortex

Cortisol and adrenaline

stress

Explicação

Questão 18 de 85

Function of the HPA axis is SAFETY & PROTECTION

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 19 de 85

Cortisol

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Released for several hours after exposure to stressor
Increases glucose in the bloodstream and enhances the brain’s use of glucose
Suppresses nonessential functions such as digestion, reproduction, and growth processes
At sufficient concentrations, cortisol exerts negative feedback to hypothalamus and homeostasis returns
Lasts for only minutes after exposure to stressor
Decreases glucose in the bloodstream

Explicação

Questão 20 de 85

Adrenaline Increases ❌ rate, ❌ pressure, respiratory ❌ and ❌ metabolism

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

heart

blood

rate,

carbohydrate

Explicação

Questão 21 de 85

Chronic/prolonged stress = repeated/sustained HPA axis activation

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 22 de 85

❌: γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA)
❌ Glutamate
❌
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

Calming NT

Excitatory NT:

Monoaminergic neurotransmitters

Explicação

Questão 23 de 85

Preencha o espaço em branco para completar o texto.

Excessive activity causes anxiety, agitation, and seizures

Explicação

Questão 24 de 85

Preencha o espaço em branco para completar o texto.

Benzodiazepines increase activity at amygdala and PFC

Explicação

Questão 25 de 85

Selecione das listas do Menu para completar o texto.

( GABA, Glutamate ) Principal inhibitory neurotransmitter
( GABA, Glutamate ) Principal excitatory neurotransmitter
( GABA, Glutamate ) Decreases neurons’ electrical excitability
( Glutamate, GABA ) Increases neurons’ electrical excitability
( Glutamate, GABA ) Necessary for attention/coordination
( GABA, Glutamate ) Calm, relaxation, sleep

Explicação

Questão 26 de 85

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Enhancing 5-HT input to the amygdala can ( reduce, increase ) anxiety/fear

Explicação

Questão 27 de 85

Serotonin

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Primarily found in GI tract, blood platelets, and CNS
Involved in regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, memory, learning
Inhibitory effect on some amygdalar outputs
Excitatory effect on some aygdalar outputs
Primarily found in the brain

Explicação

Questão 28 de 85

Norepinephrine

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Mobilizes the brain and body for action
Lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness
NE output from locus coeruleus enhances memory, attention, arousal
Peaks during fight-or-flight: Increases heart rate/BP, release of glucose from energy stores, inhibits GI motility
NE output from ventral tegmental area enhances memory, attention, arousal

Explicação

Questão 29 de 85

Dopamine

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Significant in reward-motivated behavior
Pleasurable experiences cause dopamine release: sex, food/appetite, addictive substances
Involved in some motor control, GI motility, insulin production, and hormone regulation

Explicação

Questão 30 de 85

Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) met genetic allele:

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Enzyme which degrades dopamine and norepinephrine
COMT genotypes implicated in expression of anxiety and depression
Enzyme degraded serotonin and dompamine

Explicação

Questão 31 de 85

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Met genotype: ( Lower, Higher ) COMT activity = ( higher, lower ) NT levels = ( excessive, decreased ) NT release under stress = WORRIER
Val genotype: ( Higher, Lower ) COMT activity = ( lower, higher ) NT levels = ( decreased, excessive ) NT release under stress = WARRIOR

Explicação

Questão 32 de 85

Which gene regulates the HPA axis and monoaminergic signaling

Selecione uma das seguintes:

5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter
Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductas

Explicação

Questão 33 de 85

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The ( short (S), long (L) ) allele of 5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter puts a patient as risk for anxiety

Explicação

Questão 34 de 85

What environmental factors play a part in increasing anxiety?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Physical/sexual trauma
Substance abuse
Chronic chaos/neglect
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)
VUSN PMHNP program
News that the world is facing a tequila shortage

Explicação

Questão 35 de 85

Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorders can be caused by the following drugs except

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Sympathomimetics (pseudophedrine)
Stimulants (Methylphenidate, Amphetamines)
Benzodiazepines
System and anabolic steroids
Drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamaines, hallucinogens, substance withdrawal)
Atypical antipsychotics

Explicação

Questão 36 de 85

Panic disorder usually starts before the age of 24 and usually has lots of comorbidities as patients try to self-medicate

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 37 de 85

DSM-5 Criteria for Panic Disorder include recurrent UNEXPECTED panic attacks, followed by 1 month of:

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Persistent concern
Worry about implications or consequences of panic attacks
Maladaptive changes in behavior
Walks on the beach doing yoga

Explicação

Questão 38 de 85

Agoraphobia is fear of situations with

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Large wide open spaces
Too many people or large crowds
Escape is difficult or embarrassing

Explicação

Questão 39 de 85

Neuroanatomy of panic disorder includes:
❌ glucose uptake in amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus
❌ frontal lobe activity

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

Elevated

Decreased

Explicação

Questão 40 de 85

Selecione das listas do Menu para completar o texto.

Neurotransmitter pathways in panic disorder:
( Decreased, Increased ) GABA concentrations, elevated glutamatergic signaling
( Decreased, Increased ) serotonin receptor binding, increased norepinephrine concentration

Explicação

Questão 41 de 85

Panic disorder is the most heritable of all anxiety disorders with first-degree relatives of patient with panic DO means that patient has 7X increased risk

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 42 de 85

Neuroendocrine pathways in panic disorder include:
(on exam study guide)

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Elevated baseline cortisol = anticipatory anxiety
Hypersensitive to situations that trigger HPA axis activation
Decreased baseline cortisol = anticipatory anxiety
Hyposensitive to situations that trigger HPA axis activation

Explicação

Questão 43 de 85

Specific phobia (like clowns) is the most common anxiety disorder, women twice as likely to suffer as men, and typical age of onset is childhood to adolescence

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 44 de 85

Specific phobia is a persistent fear of clearly discernible objects or situations that provoke immediate anxiety and cause social or occupational impairement

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 45 de 85

Specific Phobia
Neuroanatomy: activation of ❌, decreased ❌

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

amygdala

prefrontal cortex response

Explicação

Questão 46 de 85

Social anxiety disorder is twice as likely in women as men, onset is childhood or adolescence and is often seen with MDD or substance abuse disorders

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 47 de 85

DSM 5 criteria for social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of situations in which exposure to unfamiliar people o scrutiny is possible. Fear that actions will expose anxiety or possible humiliation or embarrassment.

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 48 de 85

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Neuroanatomy of Social Anxiety Disorder:
( Hyperactive, Hypoactive ) prefrontal cortex - misinterpreting social cues
( Hyperreactive, Hypoactive ) amygdala - receives sensory information before analysis and signals the sympathetic nervous system

Explicação

Questão 49 de 85

Preencha o espaço em branco para completar o texto.

Genetics of social anxiety disorder involve Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) which governs reuptake of serotonin into the neuron. The allele is involved in increased risk of anxiety and depression in context of stressful environment, Increased startle response and a stronger amygdala activation in response to angry faces

Explicação

Questão 50 de 85

Generalized anxiety disorder has the youngest age of onset for an anxiety disorder

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 51 de 85

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Excessive worries/anxiety for at least ( 6 months, 3 months )s. Worry about a number of events, situations, activities. Difficulty controlling the worry.

Three or more of the following:
Restless/on edge
Easily fatigued
Difficulty concentrating
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance

Explicação

Questão 52 de 85

Neuroendocrine pathways of generalized anxiety disorder include all the following EXCEPT:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Perception of sustained threat
Chronic activation of HPA axis
Acute activation of HPA axis
More physiologically dysregulated state at baseline
Exaggerated physiological reactivity to fearful stimuli

Explicação

Questão 53 de 85

Preencha o espaço em branco para completar o texto.

5-HTTLPR -allele carriers are highly sensitive to environmental threats. Hypervigilance

Explicação

Questão 54 de 85

The following are all forms of obsessive-compulsive disorders:

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Body dysmorphic disorder - fixated on a part of their body they hate
Trichotillomania – hair pulling compulsion and anxiety. A lot with trauma
Hoarding Disorder – afraid that they might need something
Cookiewinemania - an unnatural obsession with wanting cookies and wine

Explicação

Questão 55 de 85

Tourette's Syndrome is a frequent comorbidity of obsessive compulsive disorder

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 56 de 85

The following are all true about OCD DSM-5 criteria

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Recurrent obsessive thoughts - Persistent ideas, thoughts, images, impulses that are perceived as intrusive and distressing
Compulsive behaviors - Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are meant to reduce stress NOT bring pleasure
Time-consuming, cause impairment

Explicação

Questão 57 de 85

OCD is real anatomical issue

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 58 de 85

Preencha o espaço em branco para completar o texto.

In obsessive compulsive disorder there is cortex overactivity but smaller volume which leads to context-related processing and response inhibition

Explicação

Questão 59 de 85

In obsessive compulsive disorder there is abnormal activity in ❌ feedback loop. These circuits use “direct” (excitatory) or “indirect” (inhibitory) routes from cortex through ❌ to ❌

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC)

basal ganglia

thalamus.

Explicação

Questão 60 de 85

CSTC or "worry" loop is involved in obsessive compulsive disorder. It includes the ❌ which nuclei grouped together based on interconnected roles in movement and cognition. It includes Includes ❌, putamen, caudate nucleus. Specifically the striatum Includes ❌ and caudate nucleus.

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

basal ganglia

globus pallidus

putamen

Explicação

Questão 61 de 85

In obsessive compulsive disorder, the CSTC loop receives input to ❌ from ❌ and ❌

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

basal ganglia

cortex

thalamus

Explicação

Questão 62 de 85

In obsessive compulsive disorder, the CSTC or "worry" loop has two pathways. The "direct" basal ganglia and the "indirect' basal ganglia pathway that are antagonistic to each other

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 63 de 85

“Direct” basal ganglia pathway:
Direct projections from ❌ to ❌
Increases ❌ thalamic input to the cortex
Turns ❌ motor activity

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

striatum

globus pallidus

excitatory

inhibitory

down

Explicação

Questão 64 de 85

Selecione das listas do Menu para completar o texto.

The ( "direct", "indirect" ) basal ganglia pathway is involved in the activation of tics, compulsions, and obsessions. It is ( overactive, underactive ) in OCD.

Explicação

Questão 65 de 85

“Indirect” basal ganglia pathway has ❌ projections from ❌ to ❌
❌ effect on ❌ and frontal cortex

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

Indirect

striatum

globus pallidus

Inhibitory

excitatory

thalamus

hippocampus

Explicação

Questão 66 de 85

"Direct" basal ganglia pathway is the "gas" and the "indirect" basal ganglia is the brake when it comes to motor activity

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 67 de 85

OCD occurs when delicate balance between inhibition and excitation of basal ganglia pathway is disrupted

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 68 de 85

Neuroanatomy of OCD involves Increased activity in CSTC circuit running from ❌ to ❌ to ❌ to ❌ and back to ❌

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

frontal cortex

striatum

globus pallidus

thalamus

cortex

Explicação

Questão 69 de 85

Preencha o espaço em branco para completar o texto.

In OCD, there is increased Increased activity in prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and

Explicação

Questão 70 de 85

What is the treatment for OCD

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Surgical intervention where the CSTC loop is cut off via a cingulotomy. This disrupts the transmission from the frontal cortex
Very aggressive and high doses of SSRI
Talking common sense into the patient and telling the patient that the fears aren't real

Explicação

Questão 71 de 85

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Serotonin, dopamine and glutamate are involved in OCD. There are ( reduced, increased ) serotonin transporters in midbrain. There is ( increased, decreased ) dopamine. There is ( increased, decreased ) glutamate.

Explicação

Questão 72 de 85

Considering what we know about 5HT, DA, and Glu in OCD, which drugs are most effective

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

5HT drugs
DA antagonists
Antipsychotics
Stimulants

Explicação

Questão 73 de 85

A patient with OCD will be in a hyperglutamatergic state in prefrontal regions and have
elevated glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid

Selecione uma das opções:

VERDADEIRO
FALSO

Explicação

Questão 74 de 85

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An ( earlier, later ) onset of OCD is indicative of a higher risk of heritability

Explicação

Questão 75 de 85

Of the following comorbidities with seen OCD, which has the highest incidence of PTSD

Selecione uma das seguintes:

TBI
Substance abuse disorders
Depression and anxiety disorders

Explicação

Questão 76 de 85

DSM 5 criteria for PTSD involve exposure to ❌, ❌ ❌, ❌, and ❌

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

trauma

re-experiencing,

avoidance

negative alterations in mood/cognition

increased arousal.

Explicação

Questão 77 de 85

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The neuroanatomy of the PTSD involves:
( Reduced, Increased ) volume of hippocampus and frontal cortex
Amygdala ( hyperresponsiveness, hyporesponsiveness )
( Decreased, Increasedp ) activity in PFC

Explicação

Questão 78 de 85

The following NT are involved in PTSD EXCEPT:

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate

Explicação

Questão 79 de 85

Which drug exhibits inhibitory effects on glutamate transmission and thus is good for PTSD

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Topiramate
Aripiprazole
Venlafaxine

Explicação

Questão 80 de 85

Glutamate

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Role in hippocampal-related learning and amygdala- related emotional processing
Processing distortion related to inappropriate glutamate signaling
Elevated glucose uptake in amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus

Explicação

Questão 81 de 85

What medication should you not give to PTSD because of the unremitting elevation in NE in the CSF of patients with PTSD?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Bupropion
Citalopram
Venlafaxine
Fluoxetine

Explicação

Questão 82 de 85

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In PTSD, patients have a ( decreased, increased ) cortisol concentrations and a/n ( flattened, elevated ) cortisol slope

Explicação

Questão 83 de 85

Treatment for anxiety disorders include:

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

SSRI
NDRI
BZ
Anticonvulsants
Antipsychotics
CBT
Mindfulness based stress reduction
EMDR

Explicação

Questão 84 de 85

MOA of BZ in anxiety involves BZ ❌ the efficiency of GABA to ❌ the excitability of neurons. BZ bind to the y sub-unit of the ❌ receptor. Binding causes a structural modification of the receptor that results in an increasein GABA-A activity. The result is an ❌ in the frequency of the ❌ channel (making the cell more negative) and ❌ the action potential.

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

increasing

decrease

GABA-A

increase

Cl-

inhibiting

Explicação

Questão 85 de 85

Chronic/prolonged stress = repeated/sustained HPA axis activation which causes:
❌ Chronic muscle tension, tension headaches, migraines
❌ Exacerbation of existing conditions (asthma, emphysema, etc.)
❌ Increased risk of heart attack, hypertension, stroke
❌ Increased risk of diabetes in vulnerable populations
❌ Acid reflux, ulcers, diarrhea, constipation, nausea/vomiting
Reproductive:
❌ Impaired testosterone production and sperm maturation, impotence
❌ Irregular menstrual cycles, impaired sexual desire

Arraste e solte para completar o texto.

Musculoskeletal:

Respiratory:

Cardiovascular:

Endocrine:

Gastrointestinal:

Male:

Female:

Explicação

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	Criado por Melanie Grynsztejn mais de 8 anos atrás

Quiz sobre Neuroscience Exam #2 - Anxiety, criado por Melanie Grynsztejn em 27-03-2018.

Neuroscience Exam #2 - Anxiety

Questão 1 de 85

Anxiety disorders facts:

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 2 de 85

Age of onset for anxiety disorders is

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 3 de 85

Which of the following is NOT a medical rule out for anxiety

Selecione uma das seguintes:

Explicação

Questão 4 de 85

Selecione das listas do Menu para completar o texto.

DSM Anxiety Disorders include anxiety bipolar( anxiety, bipolar ) disorders, obsessivecompulsive mood( obsessivecompulsive, mood ) disorders and trauma or stressor related personality disorders( trauma or stressor related, personality disorders ) disorders

Explicação

Questão 5 de 85

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Eustress vs. Distress: remember stress isn't always negative Eustress: Distress:( Eustress:, Distress: ) Motivating, short-term, exciting Eustress: Distress:( Eustress:, Distress: ) Short- or long-term, perceived as beyond coping ability, unpleasant

Explicação

Questão 6 de 85

“Anxiety and fear are cousins but not twins. ❌ sees a threat. ❌ imagines one.” – Max Lucado

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Questão 7 de 85

Neuroanatomy of anxiety. Which parts of the brain are involved. ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌

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Questão 8 de 85

In neuroanatomy of anxiety, what is the function of the prefrontal cortex

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Questão 9 de 85

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In the neuroanatomy of anxiety, the cortex controls impulses, regulates mood, and drives moral judgment

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Questão 10 de 85

Which is not a feature of the limbic system

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Questão 11 de 85

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cortex is in charge of reward processing – think and visceral response to emotions

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Questão 12 de 85

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Questão 13 de 85

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The : Shifts short-term memory to long-term memory Encodes our memory with emotions by interacting with amygdala Interacts with amygdala to encode emotional memories Active in imaging studies during fearful situations

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Questão 14 de 85

Neuroanatomy of the hippocampus in anxiety

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Questão 15 de 85

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The hippocampus is related to stress sensitivity and resiliency. A large small( large, small ) hippocampus is protective agains anxiety disorders. A large small( large, small ) hippcampus has increased risk of PTSD in the context of trauma

Explicação

Questão 16 de 85

The amygdala has three groups, a medial group, a basal-lateral group, and a central group. Which group has connections with the hypothalamus and the brain stem, cues the endocrine system response, and influences expression of emotion, and triggers the autonomic nervous system?

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Questão 17 de 85

Neuroendocrine pathways for the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. Let's review as this is probably an exam question: Activated by ❌ Hypothalamus releases ❌ CRF binds to receptors on ❌ ❌ is released ACTH binds to receptors on ❌ ❌ are released!

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Explicação

Questão 18 de 85

Function of the HPA axis is SAFETY & PROTECTION

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Questão 19 de 85

Cortisol

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Questão 20 de 85

Adrenaline Increases ❌ rate, ❌ pressure, respiratory ❌ and ❌ metabolism

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DSM Anxiety Disorders include ( anxiety, bipolar ) disorders, ( obsessivecompulsive, mood ) disorders and ( trauma or stressor related, personality disorders ) disorders

Eustress vs. Distress: remember stress isn't always negative
( Eustress:, Distress: ) Motivating, short-term, exciting
( Eustress:, Distress: ) Short- or long-term, perceived as beyond coping ability, unpleasant

Neuroanatomy of anxiety. Which parts of the brain are involved.
❌ ❌ ❌ ❌

The :
Shifts short-term memory to long-term memory
Encodes our memory with emotions by interacting with amygdala
Interacts with amygdala to encode emotional memories
Active in imaging studies during fearful situations

The hippocampus is related to stress sensitivity and resiliency. A ( large, small ) hippocampus is protective agains anxiety disorders. A ( large, small ) hippcampus has increased risk of PTSD in the context of trauma

Neuroendocrine pathways for the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. Let's review as this is probably an exam question:
Activated by ❌
Hypothalamus releases ❌
CRF binds to receptors on ❌
❌ is released
ACTH binds to receptors on ❌
❌ are released!

❌: γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA)
❌ Glutamate
❌
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Enhancing 5-HT input to the amygdala can ( reduce, increase ) anxiety/fear

The ( short (S), long (L) ) allele of 5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter puts a patient as risk for anxiety