chapter 2: GENES, EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR

Genotype

Observable features that reflect genetic endowment

Chromosome

DNA portion of the chromosome that carries _____

Each nucleus contains ______chromosomes; _______pairs.

Alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics are called?

The particular characteristic a _______ trait controls will be displayed. The particular characteristic a _______trait controls will not be expressed, unless both parents have this trait.

A number of genes working together to create a specific phenotypic trait (i.e., appearance trait)

________ _________magnifies potential variation that can occur; the union of the sperm and egg can result in 70 trillion potential _______, even among siblings, although 99.9% of genes are identical among ________.

More understanding about our genome and our genes leads to better ______ discoveries

In 1990, the ______ _________occurred. In 2001, the ____ _____ was published.

The ____ ______ project wanted to map the specific human genome (the sum of a human's ______). They found out what?
And what does contemporary research allow us to do?

What exactly is the human genome?

The human genome

Process of recombinant DNA procedures?

Genotype and phenotype are not identical because some genes are?

Genes affect development, structure, and function in the human body through controlling production of ______

Gene engineering allows?

Polygenic

Who is interested in studying this pathway:
Hereditary & environment-->Psychology

______ _______ is a statistic that represents how much of a variation is heritable.

Heritability refers to? Heredity refers to?

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCENT GENETICS VS ENVIRONMENT, AND AMT OF VARIATION?
I.E..., WHAT DOES 0.50 HERITABILITY COEFFICIENT MEAN>?

Heritability coefficients as they pertain to common human traits could be classed into three groups: action/performance, personality, and emotion .
What are common HC for "action/performance"?

HC pertaining to emotion?

HC relating to personality?

HC relating to quantifiable things: IQ, height, weight

The chromosome

________ is the likelihood that two people share a common characteristic.

When an adopted kid is compared to his/her adoptive AND biological parent(s) to indicate heredity.

A behaviour genetics method in which twins are compared; especially useful when they are raised in different places.

Twins can be ______ or ______.

Compare identical and fraternal twins on the basis of biology.

Heredity, hereditary, heritability

Gene therapy and genetic counseling controversy

"researchers have inserted a gene associated with Alzhiemer's disease into the brain of mice and later tested the impact on neurotransmission, brain structure, and behaviour"

Genetic Screening and Therapy can be effective in...

Controversy/ arguments surrounding gene therapy and counseling

Good things about gene therapy

Good things about genetic counselling

Most useful research method in the field of behavioural genetics?

Reaction Range

An individual inherits a potential range of IQ at birth. The genetic component is not set in stone; what is actually expressed depends on the environment

Parents of little Johnny are very smart. This means his potential IQ range is high. However, where it falls in this potential IQ range depends on environmental factors,

Dyslexia

Environment and adoption programs account for how many IQ points?

Three levels of analysis in behavioural genetics?

What is the biological level of analysis?

What is the environmental level of analysis?

What is the psychological level of analysis?

Neural Plasticity/ brain plasticity

Review:

Receive information from the environment, process it, and then respond to it; based on the idea that humans are biological beings that actively respond to their environment and are self-regulating.

We begin life with innate _________ that enable us to take in, process, and respond to information, predisposing us to behave, feel, and even think in certain ways

"In humans, ____ _____ allow us to, among other things, learn, remember, speak a language, perceive certain aspects of our environment at birth, respond with universal emotions, and bond with other humans."

"important aspects of _____ ____ such as aggression, altruism, sex roles, protecting kin, and mate selection, are the products of ________.

Behavior does not evolve; only _____.

Genetic variations can be caused by

Natural selection acts as a _____

"Fitness"

By-product of natural selection:

Domain-specific adaptation

Adaptation specialization; detecting suitable mate or eating a specific food

An ________ thinks about the relationship between behaviour and adaptation and evolution

Evolutionary personality theory

Parental investment

More parental investment, the more ______ in choosing a mate

One male mates with many females

Monogamous

Polyandry

polygynandry

Three most important characteristics in a mate

Men most look for

Women most look for

Men like _____women, whereas women like ____men

Men want

Women want:

Cooperation

Group of individuals achieving more (or potentially) than alone

Altruism

How many theories are there of altruism?

Theories of altruism (2)

Kin selection theory

Reciprocal Altruism theory

Genetic determinism

True or false: evolution follows a natural plan

Social Darwinism

How are traits passed from one generation to the next?

What effect do nature and nurture have on development?

Are complex traits inherited in humans?

Can personality have a genetic or biological component?

Why should we be interested in twins?