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Developmental Psychology Quiz

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Developmental Psychology

Questão 1 de 224

1

What percentage of species of chordates also have backbones?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • 94%

  • 97%

  • 92%

  • 67%

Explicação

Questão 2 de 224

1

What is the name for the "great chain of being"

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Human Naturae

  • Hierarchy of needs

  • Scala naturae

  • ur mom

Explicação

Questão 3 de 224

1

In which order are the stages of prenatal development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The germinal period, the period of the embryo, the period of the foetus

  • The germinal period, the period of the foetus, the period of the embryo

  • The period of the embryo, the period of the foetus, the germinal period

Explicação

Questão 4 de 224

1

In which order are the stages of prenatal development? (detailed)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Sperm cell fertilizes egg in fallopian tube --> fuses to form zygote --> blastocyst --> blastocyst implants to wall of uterus --> stem cells --> multiplies forming a morula --> cell differentiation --> responds to different types of stimulation

  • Sperm cell fertilizes egg in fallopian tube --> fuses to form zygote --> multiplies forming a morula --> stem cells --> blastocyst --> blastocyst implants to wall of uterus --> cell differentiation --> responds to different types of stimulation

Explicação

Questão 5 de 224

1

What is a teratogen?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • A type of differentiated cell

  • A substance that causes birth defects

  • A made up object name used in language learning studies

  • A deformed embryo

Explicação

Questão 6 de 224

1

What drug developed in 1954 caused birth defects in 2,000 cases in the UK?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Thalodine

  • Tetarogen

  • Thalidomide

  • Dethalomide

Explicação

Questão 7 de 224

1

Which are effects of foetal alcohol syndrome? (3 are not)

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Distorted facial features

  • Enlarged brain

  • Webbed toes

  • Effects on nervous system

  • Microcephaly (problems with vision and hearing)

  • Severe learning difficulties

  • Poor fine motor skills

  • Brain doesn't fully develop

Explicação

Questão 8 de 224

1

Which finding by DeCasper and Spence (1986) found that learning occurs in the womb?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Babies' preference for their own name

  • Babies' preference for their mother's voice

  • Babies' preference for their mother's voice

  • Babies' preference for familiar over novel stories

Explicação

Questão 9 de 224

1

Endothermy means

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • "cold-blooded"

  • "warm-blooded"

  • "sensitive nerve endings"

  • "evil"

Explicação

Questão 10 de 224

1

Baby reflexes are similar to that of chimpanzees

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 11 de 224

1

Babies' brains weigh 400g at birth and grow to 1300g

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 12 de 224

1

Synaptogenesis is

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The breakdown of connections between neurons

  • The formation of new connections between neurons

  • The formation of new neurons

Explicação

Questão 13 de 224

1

The realisation that all sets of N objects have something in common is known as...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Subitising

  • numerical equality

  • numerical inequality

  • counting commonalities

Explicação

Questão 14 de 224

1

At what age to infants appear to have a sense of numerical equality?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 5 months

  • 6 months

  • 1 year

  • 2 years

Explicação

Questão 15 de 224

1

After what age to infants show precise representation of sets of objects larger than 3?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 1-2 years

  • 2-3 years

  • 3-4 years

  • 4-5 years

Explicação

Questão 16 de 224

1

In some experiments, infants show surprise when objects are added or subtracted behind a screen. This is known as the...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Violation of expectancy paradigm

  • Theory of Mind

  • Violation of norms paradigm

  • Scale Error

Explicação

Questão 17 de 224

1

What is subitizing?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The process of counting a group of objects

  • The process of learning an object name as it is the only object in that group that does not already have a known label

  • The process by which adults and children can look at a few objects and almost immediately know how many objects are present

  • The process of estimating the size of a group

Explicação

Questão 18 de 224

1

At 6 months, what size ratios can children understand?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 2:1

  • 2:3

  • 2:5

  • 2:7

Explicação

Questão 19 de 224

1

By what age can most children count to 10?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 2

  • 3

  • 4

  • 5

Explicação

Questão 20 de 224

1

Which of the following are the basic principles underlying counting (pick 5)

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • 1 to 1 correspondence (1 object per number word)

  • Stable order (always recite in the same order)

  • Cardinality (N = last number)

  • Even (all numbers are even)

  • Order irrelevance (left to right = right to left)

  • Odd (all numbers are odd)

  • Abstraction (any set can be counted)

Explicação

Questão 21 de 224

1

Siegler proposed the balance scale problem. He suggested that there are 4 stages in problem solving. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages.

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Preschoolers notice weight on each side (ignoring distance)

  • School children focus on weight except when both sides are equal

  • School children focus on distance except when both sides are equal

  • Adolescents can consider both weight and distance but if both are unequal they get confused

  • A few adolescents master the concept of torque

Explicação

Questão 22 de 224

1

What method of changing synaptic strength builds on the principles of Hebbian learning? ("neurons that fire together wire together")

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Collectivism

  • Connectionism

  • Correctivism

  • Conjunctivitus

Explicação

Questão 23 de 224

1

Which of the following is NOT true about Connectionism?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • It can be applied to Piaget's theory of development

  • It suggests that gradual changes in synaptic weights can lead to stage-like changes in behaviour

  • It can be applied to Siegler's balance scale model

  • It suggests that developmental scientists should try to build models that mimic how children learn in particular situations, and examine the performance of the neural network model to see if the child might be using the same processing "rules"

Explicação

Questão 24 de 224

1

Which is NOT true about children's counting strategy choice?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • At any one age, children use multiple strategies

  • Age and experience leads to children relying on most advanced/accurate strategies

  • "Min" strategy involves adding 2 numbers by starting at the larger of the 2 to save mental effort

  • Siegler and Jenkins (1989) found that kids often attempted strategies that violated the principles of addition

Explicação

Questão 25 de 224

1

Which is NOT one of the three types of variability in problem solving proposed by Siegler?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Between individuals on related problems

  • Within an individual on related problems

  • Within an individual on the same problem twice

  • Within a single trial

Explicação

Questão 26 de 224

1

What has been argued to be at the heart of language and cognitive development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Infant Categorisation

  • Infant Face Perception

  • Infant Gender Development

  • Infant Moral Development

Explicação

Questão 27 de 224

1

What does Quinn (2003) say categorisation is?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • When observers respond in a different manner to equivalent stimuli

  • When observers respond in an equivalent manner to descriminably different stimuli

  • When observers respond in an equivalent manner to equivalent stimuli

  • When observers give all objects in a category the same name

Explicação

Questão 28 de 224

1

Which of these is a benefit of categorisation?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Efificient processing

  • Ease of encoding/retrieval

  • Structure for language

  • Knowledge of new exemplars

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 29 de 224

1

Which of the following stimulus groups have infants not been found to categorise?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Colour (Franklin & Davies 2004)

  • Speech (Elmas et al 1971)

  • Spatial relations (Quinn 1994)

  • Potatoes (Farmer 1985)

  • Faces (Ramsey et al 2004)

  • Animals (Quinn et al 1993)

Explicação

Questão 30 de 224

1

Showing an infant something repeatedly until their looking decreases, then showing them something novel and seeing if their interest reinstates, is using which method?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Habituation & Novelty preference

  • Generalised Imitation

  • Sequential Touching

  • Mobile Contingency/Conditioned Leg Kicking

Explicação

Questão 31 de 224

1

Method particularly important for older children where children are shown a model animal or vehicle and a given action e.g. dog sips from cup, and test child's generalisation of the action?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Habituation & Novelty preference

  • Generalised Imitation

  • Sequential Touching

  • Mobile contingency/conditioned leg kicking

Explicação

Questão 32 de 224

1

Method involving analysing the order in which stimuli are touched and played with?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Habituation & Novelty Preference

  • Generalised Imitation

  • Sequential touching

  • Mobile Contingency / Conditioned Leg Kicking

Explicação

Questão 33 de 224

1

Method which involves measuring baseline kicking with a ribbon attached to baby's foot, and then attaching ribbon to mobile so that infant kicking activates it.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Habituation & Novelty Preference

  • Generalised Imitation

  • Sequential Touching

  • Mobile contingency / Conditioned Leg Kicking

Explicação

Questão 34 de 224

1

Santrock (1998) found that the age of puberty has increased dramatically over the last few hundred years.

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 35 de 224

1

Puberty begins about 2-3 years earlier for boys than for girls

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 36 de 224

1

Wright (1989) found that there is least satisfaction with body image during puberty, and Brooks-gunn and Paikoff (1993) found that girls are less satisfied than boys.

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 37 de 224

1

Which hypothesis of pubertal timing states that intrinsic stress of pubertal change will cause distress during the period of most rapid change?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth 1987)

  • Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin, 1980)

  • Early timing hypothesis (Stattin & Magnusson, 1990)

Explicação

Questão 38 de 224

1

Which hypothesis of pubertal timing states that events which are encountered earlier than expected will lead to distress?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth, 1987)

  • Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin, 1980)

  • Early timing hypothesis (Stattin and Magnusson, 1990)

Explicação

Questão 39 de 224

1

Which hypothesis of pubertal timing states that early development (especially in girls) will lead to distress?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth, 1987)

  • Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin 1980)

  • Early-timing hypothesis (Stattin and Magnusson, 1990)

Explicação

Questão 40 de 224

1

Research by Capsi and Moffitt (1991) into predicting girls' behavioural problems from the age of menarche supports which pubertal timing hypothesis?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth 1987)

  • Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin 1980)

  • Early-timing hypothesis (Stattin and Magnusson, 1990)

Explicação

Questão 41 de 224

1

Which of the following is true? (pick 5)

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Girls dislike maturing early

  • Girls who mature early tend to be more social

  • Girls who mature early tend to have poor body image

  • Girls who mature early tend to have higher self esteem

  • Boys who mature early tend to have higher self esteem

  • Boys like maturing early

  • Girls who mature early tend to be more likely to engage in risky behaviours

Explicação

Questão 42 de 224

1

Larson et al (1996) found that older adolescents spent less than half the time with their families as younger adolescents did, and that mediators of this decline in family time were external e.g. job, driving, peer activities

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 43 de 224

1

Over the past 30 years there has been a steady increase in juvenile delinquency and also a steady increase in parental monitoring

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 44 de 224

1

Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards individuals who after a period of exploration emerge with firm identity commitments?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Identity achievement

  • Moratorium

  • Foreclosure

  • Identity diffusion

Explicação

Questão 45 de 224

1

Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards the active period of exploration when individuals examine alternatives in an attempt to arrive at a choice?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Identity achievement

  • Moratorium

  • Foreclosure

  • Identity Diffusion

Explicação

Questão 46 de 224

1

Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards individuals who have adopted the identities prescribed to them without ever exploring options or experiencing an identity crisis?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Identity achievement

  • Moratorium

  • Foreclosure

  • Identity diffusion

Explicação

Questão 47 de 224

1

Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards individuals who have little sense of commitment and are not actively seeking to make decisions?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Identity Achievement

  • Moratorium

  • Foreclosure

  • Identity diffusion

Explicação

Questão 48 de 224

1

Which statement about parental influences on identity development is NOT true?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Attachment with freedom to voice opinions --> achievement / moratorium

  • Overly close bonds without separation --> foreclosure

  • Low warmth with open communication --> diffusion

  • High warmth but low communication --> achievement

Explicação

Questão 49 de 224

1

Which description is NOT one of the 3-way typology of children proposed by Thomas and Chess in their Pediatric approach?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Easy:
    - applies to 40% of infants
    - Regular routines, positive in terms of approaching new situations, adaptable, happy, not too intense in reactivity

  • Difficult:
    - About 10% of infants
    - Opposite of easy

  • Slow-to-warm-up:
    - About 15% of infants
    - Find change tricky, wary of new situations and new people, negative reaction to these kinds of changes and tend to not be so positive or vibrant in their mood

  • Slow-to-cool-down:
    - About 5% of infants
    - Find change tricky, almost never have naps, very active, anger issues

Explicação

Questão 50 de 224

1

What are the two defining characteristics of the Personality Tradition approach to child temperament? (Buss and Plomin)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Traits are genetic in origin and appear in infancy

  • Traits are genetic in origin and appear in adolescence

  • Traits are a product of the environment and appear in infancy

  • Traits are a product of the environment and appear in adolescence

Explicação

Questão 51 de 224

1

Which is NOT a constituent of the personality tradition approach to child temperament? (Buss and Plomin)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Emotionality

  • Activity

  • Sociability

  • Irritability

Explicação

Questão 52 de 224

1

The individual differences approach to child temperament was proposed by Rothbart and Bates (1998)

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 53 de 224

1

Korn's (1984) study into the stability of temperament using an extension of THomas and Chess's NY longitudinal study into adulthood found...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • A moderate prediction of "difficulty" from age 3-4 to adulthood (r=.31 and .37) and a substantial prediction of difficulty from adolescence to adulthood (r=.62)

  • A substantial prediction of difficulty from age 3-4 to adulthood (r=.62) and a moderate prediction of difficulty from adolescence to adulthood (r=.31, r=.37)

  • Inconclusive results

Explicação

Questão 54 de 224

1

Buss and Plomin (1984) found that emotionality, activity and sociability are the most heritable temperament traits with Mz twins more similar in these traits than Dz twins

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 55 de 224

1

The bias caused by the fact that parents know their children so well and so may report larger differences between their twins' temperaments is known as...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Rating bias

  • Attachment bias

  • Heritability Bias

  • Parent Bias

Explicação

Questão 56 de 224

1

Taken as a whole, temperament is moderately influenced by genetic factors, and this estimate is similar across age

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 57 de 224

1

Stability in temperament is mediated primarily by genetic factors, whereas environmental factors account for much change seen from age to age (e.g. plomin 1993)

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 58 de 224

1

In Thomas and Chess's goodness/poorness of fit concept, what leads to a "goodness of fit"?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • When child's capacities, motivations and temperament are adequate to master the demands, expectations and opportunities of the environment

  • When child's characteristics are inadequate to master the challenges of the environment, and this leads to maladaptive functioning and distorted development

Explicação

Questão 59 de 224

1

4 month olds have been shown to have preference for novel category bodies rather than novel category heads

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 60 de 224

1

Younger (1990) found evidence for which aspect of infant categorisation?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Focus on certain features

  • Correlate features

  • Feature distributions

  • Prototype formation

Explicação

Questão 61 de 224

1

French et al (2004) found that infants use "frequency distributions" to form categories

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 62 de 224

1

Younger (1990) found that infants classify unseen prototypes as category members more than a familiar, less typical example. This is an example of...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Prototype formation

  • Focus on certain features

  • Correlating features

  • Feature distributions

Explicação

Questão 63 de 224

1

Children with autism find it more difficult to tell the difference between cats and dogs

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 64 de 224

1

Which aspects of development would be atypical if there was a deficit in categorisation? (pick)

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Language

  • Social situations

  • Stereotyping

  • Motor development

  • Memory

  • Temperament

Explicação

Questão 65 de 224

1

Which is NOT a key finding relating to child temperament and attachment?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Children's temperamental characteristics do play a role in attachment secrity (Vaughn et al, 1992)

  • Infants who are more distressed by the removal of a dummy are more likely to form insecure attachments (Bell, Weller & Waldrop 1971)

  • Temperament may be as important as maternal sensitivity in predicting attachment security (Seifer et al 1996)

  • Infants who burp more generally have a more calm temperament (Wilson et al 2002)

Explicação

Questão 66 de 224

1

The temperamental compnonent that is predictive of attachment security is...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Negative reactivity

  • Positive reactivity

  • Event related potential

  • Maternal sensitivity

Explicação

Questão 67 de 224

1

Who found the following?:
- Intensive study of 49 families at 6,9,12 months on 24 occasions
- At 6 months, maternal sensitivity correlated .30 w/ Q sort security, but at 9 months was .20 (ns)
- Observer temperament and mother's report of difficulty were moderately associated with secuirty at 6/9/12 months
- Maternal sensitivity no longer predicted attachment security after temperament was accounted for

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Siefer et al (1996)

  • van de Boom (1994)

Explicação

Questão 68 de 224

1

Who found the following?
- Intervention study of 100 "irritable" first born infants
- At 9 months, intervention group mothers were more responsive, stimulating, visually attentive & controlling of their infants' behaviour
- Infant temperament had also changed. Infants became more sociable, self-soothing, more exploration, less crying than controls

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • van de Boom (1994)

  • Siefer (1996)

Explicação

Questão 69 de 224

1

What is one important limitation of van de Boom (1994)'s study into maternal sensitivty and child temperament?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • When parenting in a stressful, economically deprived circumstance, having somebody come and talk to you for a few hours could make a really big difference. Therefore maternal sensitivty could have been compounded by social support.

  • The sample size wasn't large enough

  • Mother's ratings of child temperament may have been subjective as they know their children better than other children

Explicação

Questão 70 de 224

1

What was NOT a key finding of Prior (1992) regarding child temperament and adjustment?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Relationships between temperament and adjustment are generally moderate in strength; prediction from infancy is weak, increasing by early childhood

  • Difficult and active babies are at increased risk for colic, sleep problems, excessive crying and abdominal pain

  • Temperamental difficulty is associated with both externalising and internalising problems

  • Temperament may be as important as maternal sensitivity in predicting attachment security

Explicação

Questão 71 de 224

1

What did Capsi et al (1995) in their study on temperament and behaviour problems find to be the best predictor of behavioural problems? (especially externalising problems)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Lack of control

  • Approach

  • Sluggishness

Explicação

Questão 72 de 224

1

Which is NOT true about Mischel, Shoda and Rodriguez' (!989) study into delayed gratification?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Tests of delayed gratification in preschool reveal important individual differences

  • By asolescence, preschoolers able to delay gratification were less socially and economically competent

  • The ability to delay gratification even predicted goal-setting when ppts reached their early 30s

Explicação

Questão 73 de 224

1

In which culture did DeVries (!984) find babies to hold an evolutionary advantage under harsh drought conditions?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Maasai

  • Ashanti

  • Bobo

  • Mandika

Explicação

Questão 74 de 224

1

The process of the eyes following a movement and at a certain point snapping back is known as the...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • OKN repsonse

  • KON response

  • NKO response

  • ONK response

Explicação

Questão 75 de 224

1

Which method of measuring infant visual acuity involves recording neural activity from scalp using electrodes, in response to a checkerboard pattern getting smaller and smaller?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • OKN method

  • Visual Evoked Potentials

  • Event related potentials

  • MRI scan

Explicação

Questão 76 de 224

1

Goren et al (1975) found that infants show preferential tracking of faces at 1 hour old!

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 77 de 224

1

Which model of face perception suggests that it is an innate mechanism which is not dependant on experience, and that it directs attention to stimuli with face-like configurations, locking you onto a face?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • CONSPEC system

  • CONLERN system

  • OKN system

Explicação

Questão 78 de 224

1

Which system of face perception is cortical and enables you to learn from faces? i.e. is dependant on experience

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • CONSPEC system

  • CONLERN system

  • OKN system

Explicação

Questão 79 de 224

1

Maci et al (2004) found that infants have non-specific biases to look at which type of stimuli?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Top-heavy

  • Bottom-heavy

  • Symmetrical

  • Inverted

Explicação

Questão 80 de 224

1

Fantz and Miranda (1975) found that newborns have preferences for straight over curved edges

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 81 de 224

1

What has NOT been found about newborn's preference for mother's face?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if mother is not talking to baby at the time (Field et al 1984)

  • Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if olfactory cues are masked (Bushnell et al 1989)

  • Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if they are shown a video of it (Walton et al 1992)

  • Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if a man in drag is standing next to her dressed in her clothes (Tranny et al 1995)

Explicação

Questão 82 de 224

1

Which are examples of when infants do NOT show preference for mother's face? (pick 2)

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • If mother and stranger wear headscarf (Pascalis et al 1995)

  • If mother prevented from previously talking to infant (Saj 2005)

  • If mother speaks in a foreign language (de Sprek 1999)

  • If mother stands upside down (Flip et al 2003)

  • If mother stands holding hands with a man in drag (Tranny et al 1995)

Explicação

Questão 83 de 224

1

Kelly et al (2007) found that children lose the ability to discriminate faces of other racial groups as you develop due to perceptual narrowing.

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 84 de 224

1

Pascalis et al (2005) found that infants could discriminate new macaque faces at 6 months with no previous exposure, but at 9 months could only discriminate new macaque faces if they had been exposed to macaque faces previously.

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 85 de 224

1

Which is NOT true about Sugita (2008,2009)'s studies into face exposure in monkeys?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • It found that face deprived monkeys look longer at human and monkey faces than objects

  • It found that face deprived monkeys can discriminate human and monkey faces using features or configural properties

  • It found that control group monkeys who have not been face deprived only look longger at monkey faces than objects, and can only discriminate monkey faces

  • It found that after exposure to either a human or monkey face for 1 month, monkeys prefered the species of the face they were NOT exposed to

  • It found that after exposure to either a human or monkey face for 1 month, monkeys can only discriminate the species of the face they were exposed to

  • It found that after a year of seeing both human and monkey faces, monkeys preferred the species of face initially exposed to

  • It found that after a year of seeing both human and monkey faces, monkeys could only discriminate the species of face they were initially exposed to

Explicação

Questão 86 de 224

1

Le Grand et al (2001) found that children/adults who had congenital cataracts at birth had a deficit later in life when discriminating faces on the basis of configural diffs (but can do it if features differ).

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 87 de 224

1

Slater et al (1998) found that newborns look longer at unattractive faces than attractive faces

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 88 de 224

1

Langlois et al (1990) found that attractiveness effects social interaction at 12 months. Compared to the unattractive mask condition, the attractive mask makes infants....

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Play less with stranger

  • Use greater affective tone

  • Exhibit more withdrawal

Explicação

Questão 89 de 224

1

What is one criticism of Langlois et al (1990)'s study into how attractiveness effect social interaction?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using social referencing

  • The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using subitizing

  • The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using mirroring

  • The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using scaffolding

Explicação

Questão 90 de 224

1

Duuren et al 2003 found that infants look longer at attractive baby faces than unattractive baby faces

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 91 de 224

1

Quinn et al (2008) found that 3-4 month olds look longer at attractive than unattractive cats and tigers

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 92 de 224

1

Slater et al (2000) found that infants look longer at attractive than unattractive inverted faces

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 93 de 224

1

Langlois et al (1994) found average (prototypical) faces to be less attractive

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 94 de 224

1

Rhodes et al (2002) found that 5-8 month olds look longest at least average and less symmetrical faces

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 95 de 224

1

Field et al (1983) found that observers can guess a model's expression based on an infant's expression, suggesting that newborns are sensitive to emotion in faces

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 96 de 224

1

McClure (2000) found that male infants are better at detecting expressions than females

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 97 de 224

1

Infants of depressed mothers have been foundto be less sensitive to fearful/happy face distinctions

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 98 de 224

1

Walker-Andrews et al found that infants looked longer at emotionally congruent stimuli (happy face with happy voice etc). This is suggestive of the fact that...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Infants have an understanding of emotion

  • Infants have preference for happy over angry faces

  • Infants have own race bias

  • Infants prefer symmetry

Explicação

Questão 99 de 224

1

Which of the following was one of the ways in which infants showed appropriate behaviours in response to facial expressions in the study by Serrano et al (1995)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Approach movement (head, trunk, limbs move towards face) & smiling if happy face

  • Avoidance behaviour (head, trunk, limbs, move towards chair) & frowning & protruding lips if angry face

  • No response if neutral face

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 100 de 224

1

Autistic children soothe by repetitive motion rather than seeking comfort from somebody else

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 101 de 224

1

Baron Cohen et al (2001) found that autistic children show a poorer performance on the "reading in the minds eye" test

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 102 de 224

1

Klin et al (1992) found that ASD adolescents spend more time looking at mouths, bodies and inanimate objects than eyes. They could be worse at reading emotion due to tuning into the eyes less.

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 103 de 224

1

Rigby and Hancock (2009) found that children with williams syndrome spend more time looking at the rest of a scene than faces, whereas ASD children spend all their time looking at faces whilst ignoring the rest of the scene.

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 104 de 224

1

Rigby and Hancock's (2009) findings suggest that there is a link between your preference for looking at faces and how social you are as a person

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 105 de 224

1

Which component of variance influences genetic factors?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Heritability (A, h^2)

  • Shared environment (C, c^2)

  • Non shared environment (E, e^2)

Explicação

Questão 106 de 224

1

Which component of variance encompasses any environmental influences which contribute to the similarity between co-twins?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Heritability (A, h^2)

  • Shared environment (C, c^2)

  • Non-shared environment (E, e^2)

Explicação

Questão 107 de 224

1

Which component of genetic variance encompasses any aspect of environmental influence than makes co-twins different from each other?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Heritability (A, h^2)

  • Shared environment (C, c^2)

  • Non-shared environment (E, e^2)

Explicação

Questão 108 de 224

1

What is the formula used to calculate heritability?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • = 2(rMz - rDz)

  • =rMz-h^2

  • =1-rMZ

  • = h^2 + c^2 + e^2

Explicação

Questão 109 de 224

1

What is the formula used to calculate shared environment?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • = 2(rMz - rDz)

  • = rMz - h^2

  • = 1 - rMz

  • = h^2 + c^2 + e^2

Explicação

Questão 110 de 224

1

What is the formula used to calculate non-shared environment?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • = 2(rMz - rDz)

  • = rMz-h^2

  • = 1 - rMz

  • = h^2 + c^2 + e^2

Explicação

Questão 111 de 224

1

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • For weight, heritability increases over time and shared environment decreases over time

  • The heritability of weight increases from ~0% in infancy to ~75% in later adulthood

  • For intelligence, heritability decreases and shared environment increases over time

  • The heritability of intelligence increases from ~20% in infancy to ~80% in later adulthood

Explicação

Questão 112 de 224

1

Which of the following is a hypothesis regarding potential reasons for increasing heritability / decreasing enivronmental effects of traits such as weight and intelligence?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Role of specific genes may increase with age, or new genes may come into play at stages of development

  • People choose their environment and are more in control of their environment in older age

  • Both of the above

Explicação

Questão 113 de 224

1

in ADHD, both change and stability from age 8 to 13 years are largely due to genetic factors

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 114 de 224

1

What is the name for the co-occurance of 2 disablities/disorders?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Comorbidity

  • Codisorder

  • Cominority

  • Congeniality

Explicação

Questão 115 de 224

1

Kendler et al (1992) has found that major depression and anxiety disorders are all explained by genetic factors and non-shared environmental factors

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 116 de 224

1

Davis et al (2009) have found that genetic correlations in learning disabilities are very high - around 90%

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 117 de 224

1

Which statement about genetic variation is FALSE?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Genetic variation contributes to individual differences in behavioural traits

  • The human genome is built with 3 billion base pairs

  • More than 99% of the DNA sequence is the same for everybody

  • Only 1% of the DNA sequence is variable

  • There is not a lot of variability in humans' genetic make-up

Explicação

Questão 118 de 224

1

Genetic ___________: the genetic effect of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Pleiotropy

  • Phenotripy

  • Plasticity

  • Plurality

Explicação

Questão 119 de 224

1

Which hypothesis of polygenic traits states that in rare cases, one gene causes a disorder (only in about 1% of cases)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • One gene, one disorder hypothesis

  • Quantitative loci hypothesis

Explicação

Questão 120 de 224

1

Which hypothesis of polygenic traits states that many genes with variations come together, and that a combination of these causes mental retardation?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • One gene, one disorder hypothesis

  • Quantitative loci hypothesis

Explicação

Questão 121 de 224

1

What is the name of Aristotle's theory that suggests prenatal development begins as animals further down the chain of being e.g. "fish like" stage?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Recapitulation theory

  • Reciprocal theory

  • Reiteration theory

  • Re-enactment Theory

Explicação

Questão 122 de 224

1

Which type of differentiated cell makes up the nervous system, teeth, fingernails etc?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Ectoderm

  • Mesoderm

  • Endoderm

Explicação

Questão 123 de 224

1

Which type of differentiated cell makes up muscles, bones, circulatory system, inner surface of skin?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Ectoderm

  • Mesoderm

  • Endoderm

Explicação

Questão 124 de 224

1

Which type of differentiated cell makes up the gastrointestinal tracts, organs etc?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Ectoderm

  • Mesoderm

  • Endoderm

Explicação

Questão 125 de 224

1

Sensory deprivation studies such as that by Hubert and Wiesel which involved sewing shut eyes of kittens found that vision is...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • ...innate

  • ...dependent on experience

Explicação

Questão 126 de 224

1

Which of the following is support for critical periods in development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Recess monkeys with wire cage mother and soft mother grew up with terrible social deficits

  • Accents

  • Neglected 3 year olds have undeveloped brainds

  • PET scans of 9 year old romanian orphans show reduced glucose activity in prefrontal and temporal regions

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 127 de 224

1

Which are three key components regarding babies in Trevarten's theory of inter-subjectivity?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Contemplation of itself

  • Manipulation of objects

  • Communication with others

  • Moral development

  • Temperament

Explicação

Questão 128 de 224

1

Manipulation of objects is related to which mode of Trevarthen's theory of intersubjectivity?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Communication mode

  • Praxic Mode

  • Developmental mode

  • Manipulation mode

Explicação

Questão 129 de 224

1

What is the name for the phenomena that newborn infants can imitate facial expressions?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Neonatal reflex

  • Neonatal development

  • Neonatal imitation

  • Neonatal participation

Explicação

Questão 130 de 224

1

Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing of Trevarthen's development stages and the associated Piagetian stage?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Reflexes / reflexes (0-2 months)

  • Primary intersubjectivity / primary circular reactions (2-4 months)

  • Secondary intersubjectivity / secondary circular reactions (5-8 months)

  • Epoch of games / secondary circular reactions (5-8 months)

  • Secondary intersubjectivity/ co-ordiated secondary circular reactions; tertiary circular reactions

Explicação

Questão 131 de 224

1

Most neo-natal reflexes eventually drop out as the higher brain takes over control

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 132 de 224

1

Which stage of Trevathen's developmental stages does this describe?.....

6-8 weeks of age
babies become interested in people and objects
display focused, diatic engagements with people and objects, although are primarily oriented toward interplay with people

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Primary intersubjectivity

  • Epoch of games

  • Secondary inter-subjectivity

  • Neonatal reflexes

Explicação

Questão 133 de 224

1

What is the name for the procedure where mums face their babies and after a cue from the experimenter adopts a still face void of emotion, which causes distress in the infant?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Still-face procedure

  • Emotionless procedure

  • Emotional cuing procedure

  • Standard procedure

Explicação

Questão 134 de 224

1

Which of Trevarthen's stages of development does this describe..?
Baby becomes object oriented
behaves systematically differently between people and objects
treats mother like an object

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Primary intersubjectivity

  • Epoch of games

  • Secondary intersubjectivity

  • Neonatal reflexes

Explicação

Questão 135 de 224

1

What are the three domains of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Social referencing

  • Joint attention

  • Intentional communication

  • Emotionality

  • Stability

Explicação

Questão 136 de 224

1

Which of the three domains of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity does this describe?

Use of the emotional signals of a social partner to influence approach/avoidance to a novel object.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Social referencing

  • Joint attention

  • Intentional communication

Explicação

Questão 137 de 224

1

Which domain of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity does this describe?

Ability to follow pointing/gaze of social partners to specific entities.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Social referencing

  • Joint attention

  • Intentional communication

Explicação

Questão 138 de 224

1

Which domain of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity does this describe?

Ability to capture and redirect the attention of a social partner.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Social referencing

  • Joint attention

  • Intentional communication

Explicação

Questão 139 de 224

1

Butterworth's finding that at 6 months a baby will follow the direction of its mother's gaze, but at 1 year baby will fixate on the same target as the mother if its the first target in its scan path is related to which domain of triadic engagement?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Social referencing

  • Joint attention

  • Intentional communication

Explicação

Questão 140 de 224

1

Which is NOT a cause of reduction in infant mortality?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Hygiene (availability of clean water, removal of rubbish)

  • Housing (increased prosperity, better protection from the elements)

  • Medicine (antibiotics, vaccines)

  • Education (increased wealth, education of preventative measures)

Explicação

Questão 141 de 224

1

What was the name of the scandal in 1998 which claimed that the MMR vaccine was linked to autism?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The Wakefield scandal

  • The Wetherfield scandal

  • The Wetherspoons scandal

  • The Waketree scandal

Explicação

Questão 142 de 224

1

Which of Fell et al's (1998) stages of sound production is characterised by quasi-resonant or quasi-vocalic sounds?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)

  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)

  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

  • The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Explicação

Questão 143 de 224

1

Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by the appearance of primitive syllables combined with quasi-vocalic sounds?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)

  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)

  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

  • The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Explicação

Questão 144 de 224

1

Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by open vowels, squeals and frowns, yells and whispers, raspberries?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)

  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)

  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

  • The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18months)

Explicação

Questão 145 de 224

1

Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by well formed syllables and reduplicated sequences of such syllables?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)

  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)

  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

  • The integrated/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Explicação

Questão 146 de 224

1

Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by meaningful speech, mixed babbling an speech?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)

  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)

  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

  • The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Explicação

Questão 147 de 224

1

At what age do babies start acting as though they have intention?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • 6 months

  • 1 year

  • 18 months

  • 2 years

Explicação

Questão 148 de 224

1

Pointing to request is an example of a...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Protodeclarative

  • Protoimperative

Explicação

Questão 149 de 224

1

What order are the stages of pointing to request?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Goal directed behaviour --> attention-getting behaviour --> response (waiting) --> referential directive

  • Attention getting behaviour --> goal directed behaviour ---> referential directive ---> response (waiting)

Explicação

Questão 150 de 224

1

What is pointing to comment an example of?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Protoimperative

  • Protodeclarative

Explicação

Questão 151 de 224

1

Which definition of protodeclarative proposed by Moore and Corkum (1994) suggests that the goal of the behaviour is affective response from the caregiver and the reinforcer is emotional signalling?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Lean interpretation

  • Rich interpretation

Explicação

Questão 152 de 224

1

Which definition of protodeclarative proposed by Tomasello (1995) suggests that the goal of the behaviour is joint attention to distal objects and the reinforcer is successful joint attention?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Lean interpretation

  • Rich interpretation

Explicação

Questão 153 de 224

1

What do Moore and Corkum (1994) in their Lean Interpretation suggest are the prerequisites for use of protodeclarative?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Expectation that social partner will exhibit positive emotion, based on past experience; means-ends reasoning

  • Children point to things because they have some kind of recognition that others have perceptual states that can be manipulated

Explicação

Questão 154 de 224

1

What does Tomasello (1995) in his rich interpretation suggest is a reason for children's use of protodeclaratives?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Children point to things because they have some kind of recognition that others have perceptual states which can be manipulated

  • A grizzly bear

Explicação

Questão 155 de 224

1

Which approach is commonly used to explain early development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Expressive emotional approach

  • Theory-of-mind approach

Explicação

Questão 156 de 224

1

Which approach is commonly used to explain later development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Expressive emotional approach

  • Theory-of-mind approach

Explicação

Questão 157 de 224

1

Which perspective on pointing proposed by Butterworth (2003) is biologically based and species-specific?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The nativist view

  • The naturist view

  • The cognitive/representational view

  • The social learning view

Explicação

Questão 158 de 224

1

Which 2 biological differences between humans and chimpanzees are considered evidence for the nativist view of finger pointing?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Human thumb = size of male chimp little finger

  • Chimp thumb = size of human little finger

  • In humans thumb protrudes way up whereas chimp thumb extends 1/3 up palm

  • In humans thumb protudes 1/3 of palm, in chimps thumb protrudes 1/3 of arm

Explicação

Questão 159 de 224

1

Butterworth said that index and thumb grasp is the antithesis of pointing with the index finger

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 160 de 224

1

Butterworth (2003) said that whole hand pointing adopted by chimps is the antithesis of the...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • power grip

  • power trip

  • power slip

Explicação

Questão 161 de 224

1

Which is NOT a critique of the nativist view of pointing?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Depends upon rearing history

  • Pointing with whole hand is also a widespread human behaviour

  • It promotes nudity

Explicação

Questão 162 de 224

1

Which perspective on pointing proposed by Baron-Cohen (1995) suggests that infants attempt to influence the mind of their social partners, and is evidenced by gaze monitoring and protodeclarative pointing?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The nativist view

  • The cognitive/representational view

  • The social learning view

Explicação

Questão 163 de 224

1

The finding of Liszowski et al (2004) that in joint attention kids didn't continue to point as much implies...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • ...that infants understand something about the attention of others (Cognitive/representational view)

  • ....that infants understand something about the attention of others (social learning view)

  • ...that infants have opposable thumbs

Explicação

Questão 164 de 224

1

Moore's (1994;2001) findings that an infant may understand that a point will lead to an adult head turn and an interesting subsequent response from an adult is evidence for which view of pointing?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The nativist view

  • The cognitive/representational view

  • The social learning view

Explicação

Questão 165 de 224

1

Which is not a finding about emotion in joint attention?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Babies aged 9-18 months express positive emotion during joint object play with their mothers (Adamson & Bakeman, 1985)

  • Babies aged 20 & 22 months express more positive emotion during joint attention than when requesting objects (Kasari et al 1990)

  • Parents of babies aged 6-18 months synchronise their own smiles with their own pointing gestures when they point for their babies (Leavens et al 2014)

  • Babies aged 4-5 months express negative emotion when their mothers are not engaging in joint attention (Bach et al 2011)

Explicação

Questão 166 de 224

1

Which is NOT a criticism of the learning theory of declarative pointing?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Absence of evidence for the ability to train precocious, declarative pointing

  • Absence of evidence for the necessity of positive emotional consequences for elicitation of declarative pointing

  • Extreme rarity of apparently declarative pointing in other animal species

  • Depends upon babies' rearing history

Explicação

Questão 167 de 224

1

Which is NOT a biological approach to gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Evolutionary approaches

  • Hormones

  • Behavioural genetic approach

  • Gender schema theory

Explicação

Questão 168 de 224

1

Which of the following is NOT a social approach to gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Social learning theory (Mischel 1966)

  • Social cognitive theory (Bussey & Bandura 1999)

  • Gender schema theory (Martin and Halverson 1981)

Explicação

Questão 169 de 224

1

Which is NOT a cognitive approach to gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Cognitive developmental theory

  • Gender schema theory

  • Social learning theory

Explicação

Questão 170 de 224

1

The evolutionary approach to gender development (e.g. Buss 1999) suggests that...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Behavioural tendencies have evolved that offer reproductive advantage

  • Girls concentrate on fostering close relationships, avoiding conflict and controlling impulses

  • Boys are more physically active and aggressive

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 171 de 224

1

What is the name of the inherited genetic condition that has been found to cause children to play in more "masculine" ways? (Nordenstrom et al)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

  • Congenital cataract syndrome

  • ADHD

Explicação

Questão 172 de 224

1

Which was NOT one of the findings of the Twins Early Development Study (1994-1996) relating to gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Heritability counted for quite a lot of individual differences in girls, but not so much in boys

  • Shared environment mattered more for girls than for boys

  • Twin-specific environment and non-shared environment had some impact in both genders

Explicação

Questão 173 de 224

1

What are the 2 key processes involved in social learning theory of gender development, and their relevant supporting / contradictory research? (Mischel 1966)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Reinforcement (Langlois & Downs 1980 - fathers more positive to same-sex behaviour and critical of sons other-sex behaviour in pre-school children) and Modelling (BUT Huston 1983 - children's gender-role behaviour is not strongly correlated with their parents' behaviour).

  • Reinforcement (BUT Huston 1983 - children's gender role behaviour is not strongly correlated with their parents' behaviour) and Modelling (Langlois & Downs 1980 - fathers are more positive to same-sex behaviour and critical of sons' other-sex behaviour in pre-school children)

Explicação

Questão 174 de 224

1

Which is NOT one of the three key influences proposed by Bussey & Bandura's social cognitive theory of gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Modelling in an immediate envrionment

  • Enactive experience

  • Direct tuition

  • Reinforcement

Explicação

Questão 175 de 224

1

Enactive experience is when a child sees someone else being rewarded/punished for engaging in a specific behaviour which consequently influences their own behaviour

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 176 de 224

1

Which is not a criticism of the social approach to gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • It is adevelopmental - doesn't account for developmental changes in children's gender-stereotyped beliefs

  • Major mechanisms of the theory haven't been supported consistently by research

  • It acknowledges the role of the social environment

Explicação

Questão 177 de 224

1

Which of the 3 stages in gender understanding (Slaby & Frey) refers to infants' ability to label each gender by 2.5 years old?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Gender identity

  • Gender stability

  • Gender constancy

Explicação

Questão 178 de 224

1

Which of the stages in gender understanding (Slaby & Frey) refers to infants' understanding that sex is stable over time by 3.5 years? (but are still easily confused by superficial marks of gender)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Gender stability

  • Gender identity

  • Gender constancy

Explicação

Questão 179 de 224

1

Which of the stages in gender understanding (Slaby & Frey) refers to infants' understanding of the performance of the two genders by 6 years (don't get tripped up by superficial markers of gender)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Gender identity

  • Gender stability

  • Gender constancy

Explicação

Questão 180 de 224

1

Weinraub et al (1984) found that children prefer same-sex toys before they achieve which stage of gender understanding?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Gender identity

  • Gender stability

  • Gender constancy

Explicação

Questão 181 de 224

1

Which statement about the Gender Schema theory (Martin and Halverson 1981) is FALSE?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Gender identity has a central role rather than gender constancy

  • Kids rapidly build up networks of gender-related information to guide gender-stereotyped processing and behaviour

  • Children develop other-sex schema before same-sex schema

  • The theory has trouble explaining asymmetries between boys and girls

Explicação

Questão 182 de 224

1

Which is NOT a criticism of cognitive theories of gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Cognitive theories don't address why males and females are valued differently

  • Cognitive theories ignore the social context within within which gender development occurs

  • The predicted relationship between gender-stereotypes and gender-typed behaviour is typically not found

  • They are adevelopmental

Explicação

Questão 183 de 224

1

Which was NOT a finding from Serbin, Powlishta & Gulko's (1993) study into cognitive and socialisation theories of gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Flexibility of gender-stereotyped beliefs was related to general cognitive development

  • Greater flexibility of stereotyped beliefs was associated with fewer gender-stereotyped preferences

  • Stereotypes were learnt earlier if father was resident (boys only)

  • Children had more gender-stereotype preferences when mothers engaged in masculine activities

  • Gender stereotypes were learnt later if father did feminine domestic activities

Explicação

Questão 184 de 224

1

Which is a key point about the development of gender-stereotyped preferences?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Preferences remain gender-typed in middle childhood

  • When preferences become more flexible this is for girls only

  • Overall, girls show a wider range of preferences than boys

  • All of the above

Explicação

Questão 185 de 224

1

In relation to gender development, which 2 key changes occur during middle childhood?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Increasing flexibility of gender-stereotypes

  • Increasing complexity of gender stereotypes

  • Increasing toxicity of gender stereotypes

  • Increasing polarity of gender stereotypes

  • Increasing strength of gender stereotypes

Explicação

Questão 186 de 224

1

Trautner (1992) found that there is a curvilinear relationship between age and flexibility of gender stereotypes

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 187 de 224

1

Which 4 are BIOLOGICAL individual differences in children's moral development?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Predisposed tendency (evolutionary perspective)

  • Genes

  • Temperament

  • Assertiveness

  • Parental modelling and communication of values

  • opportunities for pro-social activities

  • Discipline/parenting styles

  • TV/video games

Explicação

Questão 188 de 224

1

Which is NOT a biological individual difference of aggression?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Temperament

  • Hormones (testosterone)

  • Neurological deficits (attention and regulatory capacities)

  • Parental conflict

Explicação

Questão 189 de 224

1

Which 3 are environmental factors relating to individual differences in aggression?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Parental punishment

  • Ineffective discipline/family coercion

  • Parental conflict

  • Temperament

Explicação

Questão 190 de 224

1

Which is not an example of a false belief task?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Sally-Anne task

  • Smarties task

  • Reading the mind in the eyes task

Explicação

Questão 191 de 224

1

Which statement about false belief tasks is INCORRECT?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • A criticism of these tasks is that ids may misunderstand the question (Lewis & Osborne 1990)

  • Children perform better in naturalistic settings (Dunn, 1988)

  • Children perform better if the question is rephrased

  • Change of success rate is dramatic between age 3 and 4

  • Most children over the age of 2 can do these tasks successfully

Explicação

Questão 192 de 224

1

Which of piaget's stages of moral development is characterised by
1) the child determining if an action is good or bad based on its consequence
2) thinks that whatever the authority figure says is right

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Stage 1 - morality of constraint (under age 7)

  • Transitional period (ages 7/8 to 10)

  • Stage 2 - autonomous morality (moral relativism) - age 11-12

Explicação

Questão 193 de 224

1

Which of piaget's stages of moral development is characterised by
1) social interactions with peers
2) beginning to take another's perspective

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Stage 1 - morality of constraint (under age 7)

  • Transitional period (ages 7/8 to 10)

  • Stage 2 - autonomous morality (moral relativism) - age 11-12

Explicação

Questão 194 de 224

1

Which of piaget's stages of moral development is characterised by
1) the realisation that rules can be changed
2) punishment should fit the crime
3) focus on fairness and equality
4) consideration not motivation and intentions

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Stage 1 - morality of constraint (under age 7)

  • Transitional period (ages 7/8 to 10)

  • Stage 2: autonomous morality (moral relativism) - age 11-12

Explicação

Questão 195 de 224

1

Which is NOT one of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Preconventional reasoning

  • Postconventional reasoning

  • Conventional reasoning

  • Unconventional reasoning

Explicação

Questão 196 de 224

1

Which is NOT a finding that parents treat sons and daughters differently?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Wills et al 1976 - Parents smiled more at 6 month old "beth" and more likely to give her a doll to play with than "adam"

  • Rubin, Provenano, Luria (1974) - new parents (particularly dads) described their babies stereotypically despite no differences in birth weight

  • Fagot (1978) - girls encouraged to do feminine activities e.g. play with dolls, boys encouraged to do masculine activities e.g. play with trucks

  • Green (1999) - Parents disciplined sons more harshly

Explicação

Questão 197 de 224

1

The effects of parenting on gender development were found to be greater the older the children were

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 198 de 224

1

Which 3 are ways that parents' beliefs and stereotypes can affect their children's gender-role socialisation?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • The goals and expectations that they have for their children

  • How they perceive their children's interests

  • How they interact with their children

  • The kind of clothes they wear

  • The tone of their voice

  • Their sexual preferences

Explicação

Questão 199 de 224

1

Which is not an empirical study relating to how parents influence their child's activities?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Eccles et al (1990) - suggests that parents gender-role beliefs affect judgements they make about children's competence in stereotyped activitiy domains, which in turn affects their expectations about kids' future performance and the opportunities that parents give their children.

  • Michigan study of adolescent life transitions - Children whose mothers thought they were good at English shared this belief, but thought they were worse at maths than their teacher thought

  • MIchigan study of childhood and beyond - Daughters considered more talented on a musical instrument (even though most had never played), Sons more competent/interested in sport, daughters more competent/interested in english

Explicação

Questão 200 de 224

1

Which factor affects parents perceptions of competence?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • True differences in attitude/ability

  • Gendered attributional patterns

Explicação

Questão 201 de 224

1

Which is NOT a reason why father absence may make little difference to a child's gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • A combination of other male figures from a child's life may serve as male models

  • Only one parent is necessary to influence gender-role behaviour

  • Influence of parents may diminish after children start school

  • Fathers are not at all important in shaping gender development

Explicação

Questão 202 de 224

1

Which is NOT a finding about the role of sibling influence on gender development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Golombok, Hines & Johnston (2000) - found that the sex of the older sibling was associated with the gender-role behaviour of the younger sibling

  • McHale et al (2001) - found greater evidence for sibling influences than parental influences, especially for 2nd born siblings

  • Fanny et al (2004) - siblings always develop similar gender identities

Explicação

Questão 203 de 224

1

What is the name given by Chomsky to the module in the brain used just for learning a language? (Nativist view of language development)

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Language Acquisition Device

  • Language Inquisition Device

  • Language Accumulation Device

  • Language Addition Device

Explicação

Questão 204 de 224

1

Which 2 arguments are challenges of Skinner's behaviourist argument of language development?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Poverty of the stimulus (we come up with things we've never heard)

  • Negative evidence (no examples of what is wrong)

  • Babbling happens around 6 months

  • We have a language acquisition device (module in the brain just for learning language)

Explicação

Questão 205 de 224

1

Which theory of language development argues that basic perceptual and learning abilities are moulded by culture and society to become language specific? (Bates)

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • Nativist argument

  • Behaviourist argument

  • Interactionist argument

Explicação

Questão 206 de 224

1

Children begin to learn the properties of language before birth

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 207 de 224

1

What did deCasper and Fifer (1980) find in their study into infants' preferences for their mother's voice?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Prenatal auditory experience helps to shape voice preferences and parent-infant interactions after birth

  • Babies could not distinguish their own mother's voice from a strangers voice

  • Babies preferred their father's voice to their mother's voice

Explicação

Questão 208 de 224

1

Which has NOT been found about infant language processing?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Early in processing kids prefer familiar things

  • Later in processing kids prefer novel things

  • Infants prefer their mother's voice filtered to approximate what it sounds like in the womb

  • Infants prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice

  • Infants prefer their mother's and father's voices over strangers voices

  • Infants generally prefer strangers speaking their parents' language than another language

  • Children can only discriminate sounds from their native language when they are first born

Explicação

Questão 209 de 224

1

What is the name for the hypothesis proposed by Kisilevsky et al (2003) that foetuses can remember and recognise the human voices they were exposed to pre-natally?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The in-utero-speech-experience hypothesis

  • The-out-utero-voice-experience hypothesis

  • The cardiotocograph hypothesis

Explicação

Questão 210 de 224

1

Which is NOT true about the findings of Werker and Kuhl regarding infant non-native language perception?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Early on (6-8 months) infants are able to distinguish contrasts that are not used in their native language

  • Infant categories result from the distribution of phonemes in their environment

  • The "loss" of universal phonetic sensitivity is not complete - can be reversed with practice

  • Infants never lose the ability to distinguish contrasts not in their native language

Explicação

Questão 211 de 224

1

Saffran et al (1996) found that infants can use correlations from the environment to learn language

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 212 de 224

1

Which is not a word learning bias used in infant language development?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Whole object assumption (name refers to whole object)

  • Principles of conventionality and contrast

  • Mutual exclusivity assumption (doesn't mean another object that the name of is already known)

  • Lexical gap hypothesis (novel object, don't already have a word for it)

  • Consonant-Vowel distinction

Explicação

Questão 213 de 224

1

What do adults use to help establish a referent?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Scaffolding

  • Joint attention

  • Both

Explicação

Questão 214 de 224

1

Baldwin (1991) found that infants are really bad at following an adult's gaze in order to work out which label went with which object

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 215 de 224

1

What did Horst el al (2010) find about fast mapping?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Competition (more competitor objects) hinders fast mapping

  • Competition hinders LEARNING through fast mapping

Explicação

Questão 216 de 224

1

Samuelson & Smith (!999) found that the shape bias emerges as a product of vocabulary level

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 217 de 224

1

English-learning children tend to show a U-shaped trend in...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Past-tense morphology

  • Past-tense syntax

  • Present-tense morphology

  • Present-tense syntax

Explicação

Questão 218 de 224

1

What is the goal of the Dynamic Systems Theory (Thelen and Smith) in Psychology?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • To explain how behaviour changes lawfully through time

  • To explain how motor skills develop

  • To explain individual differences in development

Explicação

Questão 219 de 224

1

Which 2 findings from Thelen and Smith regarding the stepping reflex illustrates the dynamic systems view?

Selecione uma ou mais das seguintes:

  • When attach weights --> babies stop stepping

  • When suspended in water --> reflex disappears

  • When hold baby upside-down --> reflex reappears

  • When suspended in water --> reflex reappears

Explicação

Questão 220 de 224

1

Piaget suggested that children only succeed on the A not B error when they have attained object permanence

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 221 de 224

1

Which is NOT a finding of Thelen and Smith that goes against Piaget's object permanence theory?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Still get error on the A and B task if there is no hidden object

  • Still get error on the A and B task if there are no marked locations

  • Still get error on the A and B task if there is no reaching on A trials

  • Still get error on the A and B task if there are longer delays

  • Still get error on the A and B task if you change posture between A & B

Explicação

Questão 222 de 224

1

The dynamic systems theory suggests that memory for the event is a key reason for error on the A not B task

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

Questão 223 de 224

1

Spencer et al (2000) found that children's reaching behaviour...

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • ... Is variable

  • ... Happens at the same time for all infants

Explicação

Questão 224 de 224

1

Adolph et al found that infants transfer what they have learned about crawling to walking

Selecione uma das opções:

  • VERDADEIRO
  • FALSO

Explicação

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