Multicellular

Unicellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ Systems

Organism

Differentiation

Organ systems that constitute the body

MRSGREN

Cell Theory

Implications of SA/V ratio in cells

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Golgi Body

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Gene

Evolution

Endosymbiotic

Cytoskeleton

Fluid Mosaic Model

Polar Head

Hydrocarbon Tail

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

State 3 Functions of the cytoskeleton

Intracellular:
Extracellular:

Cells Take in:

Cells expel

Cells regulate

The internal composition of the cell is regulated to:

Bilipid Layer

Proteins:

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Diffusion

Osmosis

Facilitated Diffusion

ATP

Macromolecules

Polysaccharides

Polymer:
Polysaccharide
Protein
Nucleic Acid

Lipids

Protein Structures

Cellulose exists in

Chitin exists in

Phospholipids

Polysaccharides energy storage

Lipid energy storage

Chromosome

Gene

Enzyme

Induced Fit Model

DNA

The 4 Bases in DNA

To form DNA

Process of Semi Conservative Replication

Mutations

Mutation Rate can be increased by

Enzymes are

Enzymes are specific to their substrate because:

Denaturation of Enzymes

Competitive Inhibitors

Activation Energy

The amount of DNA in a cell doubles before cell division because...

Binary Fission occurs in

Binary Fission

Order the phases of Mitosis

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Internal Factors regulating division

External Factors regulating division

Gene Product

Reasons for growing cells in a laboratory

Dissection

Suspension

Cell Culture

Uses of Cell Culture

The functional Unit of information on the chromosome:

A gene consists of

Amino Acids are coded for by

The flow of information from DNA to protein

Transcription

Translation

DNA can be extracted from Cells by

Probes

Particular Genes can be selected and removed using probes and restriction enzymes:

Bacterial Plasmids

Micro-Injection

Social Consequences of DNA manipulation:

Sequencing

PCR

Mitosis

Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical organisms since:

Meiosis

Gamete

Fertilisation

Diploid Cells

Homologous Chromosomes

Gametes are Haploid so:

Crossing Over

Independant Assortment

Offspring of sexual reproduction are usually not genetically identical because:

Variation of Offspring is affected by meiosis and fertilisation by:

prophase I

metaphase I

Anaphase I

telophase I and cytokinesis

Meiosis II

Not all organisms will survive to reproduce because:

Natural Selection

Exchange taking place at:
Lungs, Intestine, Skin, Kidneys

Features of exchange surfaces:

Blood Capillaries

Lymph Capillaries

Nephrons are effective at removing toxins since:

Nephron

Urine contains

Alveolus

Concentration gradient is maintained in alveoli through

Small Intestine responsible for:

Structure of Small Intestine:A long convoluted tube where the inner surface has many inward pointing fingerlike projections called villi. These structures provide a large surface area for absorption

Structure of Villi:

Nutrients are absorbed through villi:

Organisms detect and respond to changes in internal and external environment such as:

Importance of sensory receptors

Nervous vs Hormonal Communication

Reflex Arc: Hot Surface

Stimulus Response Model: High temperature

Stimulus Response Model for Low Temperature

Chemicals that interfere with metabolism:

Issues associated with drug use:

Exercise

Smoking

Alcohol

Gene Pool

Population

Genetic Variability in Sexually Reproducing Organisms stems from

Biotic Factors that contribute to natural selection

Abiotic factors contribute to natural selection

Describe the process through which strains of bacteria evolve by natural selection:

Geographical Isolation

Speciation

When a population is separated each group may be exposed to different conditions, such as

Differences between early and current organisms

The greater the similarity between sequences of nucleotides the more likely it is that their separation was recent since:

All cells require:

Energy can be obtained in physical or chemical forms such as:

The main source of energy for life is:

Plants that contain __________ can undertake photosynthesis when exposed to light

Glucose is broken down in cellular respiration, releasing ____________

Energy Pathways involve many small regulated steps because:

A metabolic pathway is controlled by

Products for each step of the process are called

Body temperature is maintained through

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Equation for photosynthesis

Equation for Aerobic Respiration

Fermentation is:

Equation for Fermentation:

More energy through Aerobic respiration than anaerobic respiration because:

Energy is required for:

Species

Trophic Levels

Decomposers

Producers:

1st Order Consumers

2nd Order Consumers

Environmental Conditions that determine characteristics of communities

Describe how environmental factors may determine the type of community

Nutrients need to be recycled because:

On average ___% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next. Much is lost as _______.

Energy can be contained in molecules such as _________, _________ and ______ in the form of _________ ___________

The productivity of a community can be affected by:

If the total output of energy from earth > total input on the Earth

If the total output of energy from earth < total input on the Earth

If the total output of energy from earth = total input on the Earth

Succession Defenition (with example)

Biodiversity

Biodiversity is essential for the perpetuation of communities because:

R- selected species

K - Selected species

Human practices that can lead to major changes in communities include:

Extinctions brought about by human activities include:

The best way to preserve species is to _______ __________ because:

Examples of Biological and Ethical issues involved with the level of human population:

Biosphere

Stages of the Sigmoid Curve

The human population has a prolonged __________ phase due to: