Hard engineering
Involve the use of technology in order to control rivers.

Impermeable rocks do not let water through,water flows quickly,surface run off. Examples:clay,granite.

Vegetation reduces the surface runoff as plants intercept rainfall. Roots encourage infiltration and plants soak up the water.

Heavy rain means soil will become more saturated will mean there is definitely more surface runoff.

Man made surfaces-tarmac
These surfaces are impermeable and so increase surface area runoff in urban areas.

Discharge
The volume or flow of water passing a river measuring station at a particular time.

Floods occur when rivers carry to much water and overflows to the floodplain...

Flood plain zoning
When you restrict the builings on the flood plain.

Preparation
The impactnof flooding is reduced-buildings are less damaged and people know what to do when a flood happens.

Channel straightening
Water moves out of the area more quickly because it doesn't travel as far reducing the risk of flood.

Carslisle england flood
3 people died
2 missing,4 schools severly flooded,350 business es shut down,70,000 addresses lost power,1,844 homes left flooded,2,700 homes affected. Rivers polluted with rubbish & sewage.