Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase

Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase Structure

RNA Polymerase 'Holoenzyme'

3 Stages of Prokaryotic Transcription

Initiation

STAGE I of PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION

Typical Bacterial Promoter

Elongation

STAGE II of PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION

Termination

STAGE III of PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Transcription

Eukaryotic Modifications in Transcription to heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

*hnRNA refers to immature mRNA for eukaryotes

Splicing Out Introns

EUKARYOTIC MODIFICATIONS in TRANSCRIPTION

Addition of a 5' Cap

EUKARYOTIC MODIFICATIONS in TRANSCRIPTION

Addition of a 3' Poly-A Tail

EUKARYOTIC MODIFICATIONS in TRANSCRIPTION

Types of RNA Polymerases (Transcription)

*Not to be confused with DNA polymerases in replication

RNA Polymerase I

RNA Polymerase II

RNA Polymerase III

Translation

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA) Structure

Wobble Hypothesis (tRNA)

Wobble Hypothesis Base Pairing

Amino Acid Activation /
tRNA Loading

Amino Acid Activation /
tRNA Loading

STEPS

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

Svedbergs

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

(Svedbergs)

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

(Svedbergs)

Large Unit of the Ribosome

Binding Sites of the Complete Ribosome

Prokaryotic Translation

Sine-Dalgarno Sequence

3 Steps of Prokaryotic Translation

Prokaryotic Translation:

INITIATION

Prokaryotic Translation:

ELONGATION

Prokaryotic Translation:

TERMINATION

Eukaryotic Translation

Eukaryotic Initiation Factors (eIFs)

Cap Dependent Translation

Cap Independent Translation

Controlling Gene Expression

(AT THE DNA LEVEL)

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the DNA Level):

DNA METHYLATION + CHROMATIN REMODELLING

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the DNA Level):

GENE DOSING

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the DNA Level):

IMPRINTING

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the DNA Level):

X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the RNA Level w/ Prokaryotes)

Operon

Lac Operon

Lac Operon - Components

Lac Operon - Supplementary Genes

crp gene:

lac operon - regulation
(controls Z, Y, A)

I gene:

lac operon - regulation
(controls Z, Y, A)

Bacterial Cells preferred energy source?

lac operon in the presence of glucose;

activation state?

lac operon in the absence of glucose;

activation state?

high glucose levels, means what for cAMP?

(context of lac operon - normal conditions)

low glucose levels, means what for cAMP?

(context of lac operon - high lactose levels)

Trp Operon

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the RNA Level w/ Eukaryotes)

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the RNA Level w/ Eukaryotes):

Regulatory regions of protein coding genes

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the RNA Level w/ Eukaryotes):

Enhancer Sequences

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the RNA Level w/ Eukaryotes):

Gene Repressor Proteins

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the RNA Level w/ Eukaryotes):

Transcription Factors

Controlling Gene Expression
(at the RNA Level w/ Eukaryotes):

mRNA control

Post-Translational Modifications

(context of Gene Expression)

Post-Translational Modifications:

Protein Folding

Post-Translational Modifications:

Covalent Modifications