Parenchyma:

Collenchyma:

Sclerenchyma:

Dermal Tissue

Ground Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Annuals

Biennuals

Perennial

Roots

Stem

Leaves

Eudicots

Monocots

Zone of Elongation

Zone of Maturation

Xylem

Phloem

Phytomere

Stem node

Internode

Axillary meristem

Herbaceous plants

Woody plants

Tracheids and vessel elements

Primary phloem

Sieve elements

Companion cells

Secondary xylem

Secondary phloem

Cork cambium:

lignin and suberin

Vascular cambium

Auxin

Gibberellic acid

stoma

Simple leaves

Complex or compound leaves

Vegetative growth

Reproductive growth

Diploid

Haploid

phytochrome

Sepal

Petals

Stamens

Carpels

Perianth

Complete flowers

Incomplete flowers

Perfect flowers

Imperfect flowers

Dioecious

Monoecious

Sepals

Petals

regular or actinomorphic

irregular or zygomorphic

Stamens

Pollen grains

haploid sperm

Pollen tube growth

Carpels

Female gametophyte

Fertilization

Embryogenesis

Endosperm

Simple fruits

Fleshy fruits

Dry fruits

Aggregate fruits

Multiple fruits

Hesperidium

Pome

Pepo

Drupe

Asexual reproduction

Apomixis

Meiosis

Essential nutrients

Macronutrients

Micronutrients or trace elements

Limiting factors

Light

Adaptations to shade

Adaptations to excessive light

Xanthophyll

Leaf mesophyll

Organic fertilizer

Organic farming

Inorganic fertilizer

Nitrogen fixation

Cyanobacterial-plant symbioses

Actinobacteria

Frankia

Phosphate

Mycorrhizal associations

Monotropa

mycoheterotrophy

Aluminum (Al3+)

Hyperaccumulators

phytoremediation

Passive mechanism

Active mechanism

Holoparasitic

• Hemiparasitic:

Transpiration

Xylem

Phloem

Passive transport –

Passive diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Transporters

Channels

Active transport

Membrane transporter proteins

H+-ATPase proton pump

Proton gradient

Cotransport

Turgor (swelling) pressure

Osmosis

Aquaporins

Turgid plant

Plasmolyzed cell

Flaccid cell

Water potential

Cellular Water Potential

Halophytes

Tissue-level transport

Three Kinds of Tissue Transport

Transmembrane Transport

Symplastic transport

Apoplastic transport

Apoplast

root endodermis

Casparian strips

Xylem loading

Bulk or mass flow

Embolism

Root pressure

guttation

Ethylene

Sieve plates

Sucrose (disaccharides)

Hormones

miRNAs

Receptor molecules

Phototropism

• Proteins that become activated when they receive a specific type of signal:

Phenotypic plasticity

Plant Hormones

Stress hormones

Photoperiodism

Gravitropism

Drought

Salinity

Heat

Cold

• Vernalization genes (VRN1 and VRN2).

Elicitors

Avr (avirulence) genes

Hypersensitive response (HR)

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

10 plant phyla

Charophycean

Bryophytes

Diploid sporophyte

Haploid gametophyte

AngioSperms

Bryophytes

Lycophytes & Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms