3.2: Cells

3.2.1: Cell structure

3.2.1.1: Structure of eukaryotic cells

What are the main organelles of eukaryotic cells?

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

What is the structure of the cell-surface membrane?

What does the structure of the cell surface membrane look like?

What is the function of the nucleus?

What is the structure of the nucleus?

What does the structure of the nucleus look like?

What is the function of mitochondria?

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

What does the structure of the mitochondria look like?

What is the function of chloroplasts?

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

What does the structure of chloroplasts look like?

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

What does the structure of the golgi apparatus look like?

What is the function of golgi vesicles?

What is the structure of golgi vesicles?

What does the structure of golgi vesicles look like?

What is the function of lysosomes?

What is the structure of lysosomes?

What does the structure of lysosomes look like?

What is the function of ribosomes?

What is the structure of ribosomes?

What does the structure of ribosomes look like?

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

What does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum look like?

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

What does the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum look like?

What is the function of the cell wall?

What is the structure of the cell wall?

What does the structure of the cell wall look like?

What is the function of the cell vacuole?

What is the structure of the cell vacuole?

What does the structure of the cell vacuole look like?

3.2.1.2 Structure of prokaryotic cells and of viruses

How do prokaryotic cells compare to eukaryotic cells?

How does the structure of prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

How is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?

What encases prokaryotic cells?

How do prokaryotic cells move?

What does the structure of prokaryotic cells look like?

What are viruses?

What is the structure of a virus?

What does the structure of a virus look like?

3.2.1.3 Methods of studying cells

What is an optical microscope?

What are some advantages of optical microscopes?

What are some limitations of optical microscopes?

What is a transmission electron microscope?

What are some advantages of TEMs?

What are some limitations of TEMs?

What is a scanning electron microscope?

What are some advantages of SEMs?

What are some limitations of SEMs?

What is magnification?

How is magnification calculated?

What is resolution?

What is cell fractionation?

What is homogenisation?

What conditions must the solution containing the homogenised sample be in?

What is ultracentrifugation?

After how many spins are each organelle filtered out?

3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells

What is not true of all cells in the body?

What is a chromatid?

What is the centromere?

What is the cell cycle?

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

How long does the cell cycle take in humans?

What is the percentage breakdown of time spent during each stage of the cell cycle?

What occurs during interphase?

What happens during cytokinesis?

What are the stages of mitosis?

What happens during prophase?

What happens during metaphase?

What happens during anaphase?

What happens during telophase? (including cytokinesis)

What can be said of mitosis?

What factors control mitosis?

What is binary fission?

What are the stages of binary fission?

3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes

What can be said about the basic structure of all cell membranes?

What model describes the structure of cell membranes?

What does the structure of the fluid mosaic model look like?

What structures make up the fluid-mosaic model?

How much of the cell membrane is protein?

What types of protein are found in the cell membrane?

What effect does cholesterol have on the cell membrane?

In what ways can substances pass through the cell membrane?

How may cells be adapted for better transport?

What is diffusion across the cell membrane?

What factors limit diffusion across the cell membrane?

What is facilitated diffusion across the cell membrane?

What is the role of channel proteins in facilitated diffusion?

What is the role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion?

What is osmosis across the cell membrane?

How does water potential affect osmosis across the cell membrane?

What can occur if the water potential gradient is too large in animal cells?

Why are plant cells resistant to extreme water potential gradients?

What is active transport across the cell membrane?

How is ATP used during active transport across the cell membrane?

What is co-transport across the cell membrane?

What are the steps involved in the absorption of sodium ions and glucose into the ileum?

In what ways is the ileum adapted for rapid absorbtion?

What is cholera?

3.2.4: Cell recognition and the immune system

What are antigens?

What kind of cells can be recognised in this way?

What are the types of leucocytes (white blood cells)?

What is a phagocyte?

What is phagocytosis?

What are the stages of phagocytosis?

What does the process of phagocytosis look like?

What is cell-mediated immunity?

What is a T cell?

What are the stages of cell-mediated immunity?

What does the process of cell-mediated immunity look like?

What is hummoral immunity?

What is a B cell?

What are the stages of hummoral immunity?

What does the process of hummoral immunity look like?

What are antibodies?

What is the structure of an antibody?

What does the structure of an antibody look like?

How do antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens?

What is the difference between passive and active immunity?

What is the purpose of vaccines?

What is herd immunity?

What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

What is the structure of HIV?

How does HIV attack the immune system?

How does HIV lead to Acute Immune Deficiency Syndrome?

Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

How can AIDS be treated?

What are monoclonal antibodies?

How can monoclonal antibodies be used in cancer treatment?

How can monoclonal antibodies be used in prostate cancer diagnosis?

How can monoclonal antibodies be used in pregnancy tests?

What are some ethical concerns regarding the use of vaccines & monoclonal antibodies?

What is the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbant Assay and what is it used for?

What are the stages of the ELISA test

What are the steps involved in the indirect ELISA?