PA axial projection: Caldwell
-___ & ___ against board
-___ perp. to IR
-___ perp. to board

PA axial projection: Caldwell
-CR angled __ degrees ___ to exit at ___.
-If AOI is orbital floors, use a ___ degree ___ angle exiting at ___.

What structures are shown on a PA axial: Caldwell?

What will you see if you angle 15 degrees caudad on an AP axial Caldwell

what will you see if you angle 30 degrees caudad on an AP axial Caldwell

Parietoacanthial Projection: Waters Method
-extend neck, resting chin on board
-adjust head until ___ is perp. to IR
-___ forms a ___ angle with IR
-___ perp to board
-CR perp to IR, to exit at __

What structures are shown on a Parietoacanthial waters?

How do you know if the patient was positioned correctly?

Reverse Waters Method: Trauma Facial
-angle CR ___ so CR parallel to __
-Center CR to ____

Facial Bones: Lateral
-___ parallel to IR, ___ perp to IR, and ___ perp to front edge of IR

Facial Bones: Lateral
-CR perp to ____ = midway between EAM and outer canthus
-what structures are shown?

How do you know if you positioned correctly?

Special Projection: Modified Parietoacanthial Modified Waters Method
-extend neck, resting chin & nose against board
-___ perp to IR
-___ forms a __ angle to IR
-___ perp to board

Special Projection: Modified Parietoacanthial Modified Waters Method
-CR perp, to exit at ____
-strucures shown?

How do you know if you positioned patient correctly?

Modified Reverse Waters: Trauma
-angle CR ___ so CR parallel to ___
-Center CR to ____

Nasal Bone: Lateral
-Bilateral for comparison
-CR perp, centered to ___ below ___.
-Structures shown?

Zygomatic Arches: SMV
-raise chin, hyperextend neck until ___ parallel to IR
-rest head on ___ of skull
-___ perp to board

SMV
-IOML ___ to IR
-CR ___ to IOML and IR
-CR midway between zygomatic arches, at ___ below ___ ___ (chin).

-Structures shown on SMV
-Correct poisoning/CR

Oblique Inferosuperior Tangential Projection for single arch
-both sides for comparison
-SMV position then rotate head and tilt chin toward side of interest ___ degrees
-___ parallel to IR

Oblique Inferosuperior Tangential
-CR perp to IR and IOML
-CR to arch of interest
-CR skims ___ ___, passes thru arch, and skims the parietal ____.
-IR ____ to IOML and perp to CR

Oblique Inferosuperior Tangential
-purpose of rotation and tilt is to prevent superimposition of ___ over parietal ___.
-structures shown
-correct positioning

AP axial projection: Modified Towne "Jug Handle View"
-rest back of skull against board
-tuck chin to bring ___ or __ perp to IR
-___ perp to bucky

AP axial projection: Modified Towne "Jug Handle View"
-angle CR __ degrees caudad to OML or ___ degrees caudad to IOML
-CR to __ inch above ___ to pass thru mid arches

AP axial projection: Modified Towne "Jug Handle View"
-structures shown:
-correct positioning:

Mandible AP axial projection: Towne
-rest back of skull against board
-tuck chin to bring OML or IOML ___ to IR
-___ perp to board
-angle CR ___ degrees caudad to OML or ___ degrees cuadad to IOML
-CR centered to _____

Mandible AP axial projection: Towne
-structures shown:
-correct positioning:

Mandible PA projection
-rest nose & forehead against board
-tuck chin to bring ___ perp to IR
-MSP ___ to board
-CR perp. centered to exit at junction of __

Mandible PA projection
-structures shown:
-correct positioning:

Mandible PA Axial projection
-tuck chin to bring ___ perp to IR
-MSP ___ to board
-CR angled __-__ degrees ___ centered to exit at the ____

Mandible PA axial projection
-structures shown:
-correcting positioning:

Axiolateral Oblique Projection:
how to position:

Axiolateral Oblique Projection:
how to position:

Axiolateral Oblique Projection: Central Ray
-3 methods to minimize superimposition of opposite mandibular body over mandible of interest:
What's the first method?

Axiolateral Oblique Projection: Central Ray
-3 methods to minimize superimposition of opposite mandibular body over mandible of interest:
What's the second method?

Axiolateral Oblique Projection: Central Ray
-3 methods to minimize superimposition of opposite mandibular body over mandible of interest:
What's the third method?

Axiolateral Oblique Projection
-True lateral head position demonstrates ___.
-Angle CR ___ degrees ___ toward IR with no head tilt
-Direct CR to exit ___ region of interest

Axiolateral Oblique Projection: (true lat)
-structures shown:

Axiolateral Oblique Projection: (true lat)
-Correct CR angulation:
-Sufficient neck extension:
-Correct head rotation:

Axiolateral Oblique Projection:
-10-15 degree head rotation toward IR provides a ___ ___ of mandible
-Angle CR __ degrees ___ toward IR with no head tilt
-Direct CR to exit ____ region of interest

Axiolateral Oblique Projection:
(General Survey)
-Structures shown:

Axiolateral Oblique Projection: (G.S.)
Correctly Positioned criteria:
-Correct CR angulation:
-Sufficient neck extension:
-Correct head rotation:

Axiolateral Oblique Projection
-30 degree head rotation toward IR demonstrates ___.
-Angle CR __ degrees ___ toward IR with no head tilt
-Direct CR to exit ____ region of interest

Axiolateral Oblique Projection: (30 degree)
-structures shown:
-correct CR angulation criteria:
-correct head rotation criteria:

Axiolateral Oblique Projection:
-45 degree head rotation toward IR demonstrates ___.
-Angle CR ___ degree ___ toward IR with no head tilt
-Direct CR to exit ____ region of interest

Axiolateral Oblique Projection: (45)
-structures shown:
-correct position:

Axiolateral Oblique Mandible: Trauma
-IR parallel to ___
-depress shoulders or elevate chin
-head in true lateral
-CR ___ degrees ___ and 5-10 degrees posterior CR angle to clear shoulder

SMV projection
-raise chin, hyperextend neck until ___ parallel to IR
-rest head on ___ of skull
-MSP perp to board

SMV
-CR ___ to IOML & IR
-CR midway between angles of mandible, at ___ in below ___

SMV
-structures shown:
-correct neck positioning:

SMV
-no rotation/tilt:

Panorex
-___ parallel to floor
-structures shown:

TMJ AP Axial: Modified Towne
-opened & closed mouth positions for comparison
-tuck chin to bring OML or IOML ___ to IR
-MSP ___ to board

TMJ AP axial: Modified Towne
-Angle CR __ degree ___ to OML or ___ degree ___ to IOML
-CR __ inches superior to ____

TMJ AP axial: Modified Towne
-structures shown:
-correct position:

TMJ Axiolateral Oblique: Modified Law
-open & closed mouth positions for comparison
-IPL perp to IR, and ___ perp to front edge of IR
-From lateral, rotate head toward IR __ degrees

TMJ Axiolateral Oblique: Modified Law
-CR angled ___ degrees ___ centered to ___ inch above upside ___

TMJ Axiolateral Oblique: Modified Law
-structures shown:

TMJ Axiolateral Oblique: Modified Law
-correct positioning:

TMJ Axiolateral Projection: Schuller
-opened & closed moth images
-IPL perp to IR & ___ perp to front edge of IR
-___ parallel with board
-CR angled ___ degrees caudad to __ inch anterior & __ inches superior to ___

TMJ Axiolateral Projection: Schuller
-structures shown:

TMJ Axiolateral Projection: Schuller
-correctly positioned:

Paranasal Sinuses
-to demonstrate air-fluid levels: ___ position with ___ beam

Paranasal Sinuses: PA Caldwell
-nose & forehead against bucky surface with neck extended to elevate ___ ___ degrees from horizontal
-___ perp to bucky

Paranasal Sinuses: PA Caldwell
-CR horizontal, parallel with floor
-CR exits at ___
-Collimate to area of ___ cavities

Paranasal Sinuses: PA Caldwell
-structures shown:

Paranasal Sinuses: PA Caldwell
-no rotation/tilt:
-correct OML/CR alignment:

Sinus: Parietoacanthial Projection: Waters
-Extend neck, resting chin against bucky
-adjust head until ___ is ___ to IR
-___ forms a ___ degree angle with IR
-___ perp to bucky

Sinus: Parietoacanthial Projection: Waters
-___ CR perp to IR centered to exit at ___
-structures shown:

Sinus: Parietoacanthial Projection: Waters
-no rotation:
-correct neck extension:

Sinuses: Lateral
-MSP ____ to IR, IPL ___ to IR, IOML perp to front edge of IR
-Horizontal CR perp to IR midway between ___ ___ and ___

Sinuses: Lateral
-Structures shown:

Sinuses: Lateral
-no rotation of vertical structures:
-No tilt of horizontal structures:

Sinuses: SMV
-Raise chin, hyperextend neck so ___ parallel to IR
-Rest head on ___ of skull
-___ perp to bucky

Sinuses: SMV
-IOML parallel to ___
-CR perp to ___ & ___
-CR midway between ___ of mandibles, at a level ___ - ___ below ___ symphysis

Sinuses: SMV
-Structures shown:

Sinuses: SMV
-correct IOML/CR relationship-
-No rotation/tilt-

Parietoacanthial Transoral: Open Mouth Waters Method
-Extend neck, placing chin & nose against bucky
-___ perp with mouth closed
-OML forms a ___ degree angle with IR
-MSP perp to bucky
Then instruct patient to open mouth = MML no longer perp

Parietoacanthial Transoral: Open Mouth Waters Method
-horizontal CR perp to IR centered to exit at ____

Parietoacanthial Transoral: Open Mouth Waters Method
-structures shown:

Parietoacanthial Transoral: Open Mouth Waters Method
-no rotation:
-correct neck extension: