Complement System

Define complement

Approximately how many plasma proteins form the complement system?

What is an enzymatic cascade?

How are enzymatic cascades controlled?

What are the 3 different initiation pathways in the complement system?

What is the end point molecule of all 3 initiation pathways?

Which pathway is activated by the end point molecule of the initiation pathways?

Give 4 end effects of the terminal pathway

What activates the classical pathway of the complement system?

What is the function of complement molecules?

What is the first step of the classical pathway?

What is the second step of the classical pathway?

What is the structure of the C1 protein?

How does the C1q subunit attach to the antibody?

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What is the fourth step in the classical pathway?

What is the fifth step in the classical pathway?

What is the sixth step in the classical pathway?

What is the seventh step in the classical pathway?

What is the eighth step in the classical pathway?

What is the name for the C4b + C2b complex?

What is the ninth step in the classical pathway?

What is the tenth step in the classical pathway?

What is the name for the C4b + C2b + C3b complex?

What is different about the lectin pathway in comparison with the classical pathway?

Why is the control of complement molecules important?

Give a regulatory mechanism of complement molecules that does not involve enzymes

Give a regulatory mechanism of the C1 complement molecule

Give 2 regulatory mechanisms of the C3 convertase complex

Give a regulatory mechanism of the C5 convertase complex

What is the function of membrane regulatory proteins?

How do regulatory proteins work?

Give 3 examples of membrane regulatory proteins in the complement system

What is meant by the 'tick over' phase of the alternative pathway?

Where does the 'tick over' phase of the alternative pathway occur?

Where does the active phase of the alternative pathway occur?

What is the main difference between the alternative pathway and the classical pathway?

What is the first step in the 'tick over' phase of the alternative pathway?

What is the second step in the 'tick over' phase of the alternative pathway?

What is the third step in the 'tick over' phase of the alternative pathway?

What is the fourth step in the 'tick over' phase of the alternative pathway?

What is the name for the Bb + C3i complex?

What is the fifth step in the 'tick over' phase of the alternative pathway?

What is the final step in the 'tick over' phase of the alternative pathway?

What is the function of the 3 membrane regulatory proteins in the 'tick over' phase of the alternative pathway?

What initiates the active phase of the alternative pathway?

What is the second step in the active phase of the alternative pathway?

What is the third step in the active phase of the alternative pathway?

What is meant by the amplification loop of the alternative pathway?

What is the final step in the active phase of the alternative pathway?

What is the initial molecule in the terminal pathway?

What is the first step in the terminal pathway?

What is the second step in the terminal pathway?

What does the abbreviation MAC stand for?

Give 2 effects of the C5a subunit

What is the function of the C59 molecule?

What is meant by cytolysis?

How do complement molecules cause cell lysis?

Which cells are more likely to be affected by osmotic lysis?

What is the function of C3a, C2a and C5a?

How do C3a and C5a affect the action of immune cells?

What is the effect of C3a and C5a on muscle?

What is the effect of C3a and C5a on capillaries?

What is meant by phagocytosis by non-specific adherence?

How can complement molecules aid opsonisation?

What is the function of macrophages in the liver and spleen?

What is meant by immune adherence?