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What percentage of the glomeruli in both kidneys must be nonfunctional before serum chemistry changes indicate renal disease?
10%
20%
50%
70%
What laboratory test evaluates kidney function and is a breakdown product of protein?
Glucose
SGTP (ALT)
Creatinine
BUN
Creatinine concentrations in serum are influenced by?
Hydration level
Amylase concentration
Liver disease
Insulin production
Non-renal causes of increased levels of urea might include?
Amount of carbohydrates ingested
Amount of protein ingested
Insufficient insulin
Insufficient production
Decrease in albumin may occur in?
Chronic liver disease
Carnivorous diet
Gastroenteritis
Vegetarian diet
Fibrinogen is considered a part of?
Total plasma albumin
Total plasma protein
Total serum protein
Total serum globulin
When evaluating the liver of dogs and cats - AST should be evaluated in conjunction with?
ALT
Lipase
LDH
Which of the following substances is a by-product of muscle metabolism, produced at a constant rate, and filtered out by renal glomeruli?
Urea
Sodium
Which of the following substances are used to evaluate kidney filtration and function - and is excreted by the kidneys - and up to 40% reabsorbed through tubules?
Water deprivation tests should never be performed on patients with?
High MCV
Suspected sufficient ADH
Dehydration
Suspected tubular malfunction
Amylase acts to break down?
Starches and glycogen
Fats and carbohydrates
Fats and starches
Protein and amino acids
An increase in unconjugated bilirubin may be the result of?
Either hepatic or post hepatic failure
Either hepatic or biliary failure
Either pre-hepatic or post hepatic failure
Either hepatic or pre-hepatic failure
ALT is also known as?
AST
SGPT
SGOT
GGT
Horses typically have higher ___ values than other species
ALP
What blood chemistry test is not a test for liver damage?
Bile acids
Which of the following ions is a cation?
Bicarbonate
Hydroxide
Chloride
Potassium
What percentage of the body's calcium is in bone?
49%
59%
79%
99%
Electrolytes are commonly measured by what method?
Ion-specific electrodes
Refractometry
Adsorption
Enzymatic digestion
When referring to the alteration of bilirubin in the liver - the verb conjugation means?
To break apart into equal parts
To precipitate
To become pigmented
To join together
Which of the following is not an electrolyte?
Calcium
Phosphorus
A test done to help diagnose hyperthyroidism is?
LH
Cortisol
T4
Stress and epinephrine release in cats may cause an increase in?
Total protein
A kidney function test that is useful in birds and Dalmatians is?
Uric acid
What serum component can be used as a screening test for hypothyroidism?
Cholesterol
Creatine kinase
During a glucose tolerance test, glucose levels in a diabetic animal is likely to?
Show an initial peak then diminish to normal
Remain high throughout the entire test
Show a delayed peak at the end of the testing period
Show below normal levels throughout the entire test
Total protein levels are ____ in a dehydrated animal
Unaffected
Decreased
Increased
Variable
What organ will conserve nutrients, remove waste products, maintain blood pH and control blood pressure?
Kidney
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
The small intestine will receive digestive enzymes from the?
Bile acids aid in the digestion of?
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Globulins
Gamma globulins can be estimated by subtracting what?
Total protein from fibrinogen
Heated total protein value from unheated total protein value
Albumin from serum total protein
Alpha globulins from beta globulins
What ion is important in regulating blood pH and in transporting carbon dioxide from the tissue to the lungs?
It is useful to measure electrolyte values when an animal has?
Suspected pancreatitis
Suspected liver disease
Lost fluids
Broken bones
Albumin is measured to help diagnose?
Heart disease
Pancreatitis
Hypothyroidism
What ion will increase with malignancy, particularly with lymphosarcoma?
Magnesium
EDTA plasma cannot be used for testing ____ plasma levels because EDTA forms a complex with it
Veterinary reference ranges for blood chemistry values
Are established by each veterinary clinic
Includes values from diseases and normal animals
Come with an analyzer and is established by the company
Are helpful to refer to but not necessary
Which of the following would not be an acceptable action if a control value is out of range?
Ignore the result - it is a sporatic result
Call technical representative from the company
Repeat the test using the same reagent
Repeat the test using a new reagent
Calibration standards for chemistry analyzers are?
Not used anymore
Used in the same way as control sera
Used by the manufacturer
Used routinely at the veterinary clinic
The term normal is referring to?
Calibration standard values
Reference ranges
Control values
Positive values
Which of the samples can be frozen and successfully thawed for performing an analytic test at a later date?
Feces for a fecal float test
Whole blood for chemistry testing
Serum for chemistry testing
Whole blood for a CBC
If there is only a small amount of serum separated after centrifuging a tube of whole blood, what should you do?
Invert the tube several times then respin it
Assume patient is dehydrated and draw off all the serum you can
Spin tube again at a faster speed and longer time
Rim/ring the clot and spin again at normal speed and time
To dilute a serum sample when the value is out of the instrument's linearity range, what should you use?
Physiologic saline
5% saline
5% dextrose
Sterile water
Most newborn animals are?
Hypogammaglobulinemic
Hypergammaglobulinemic
Hypobetaglobulinemic
Hyperbetaglobulinemic
Arterial blood is most commonly used for?
Hematology
Blood gases
Blood chemistry
Organ function tests
A buffy coat examination for microfilaria can be made in conjunction with what other hematologic procedure?
Leukocyte count
Packed cell volume
Differential count
Hemoglobin
The two most common problems encountered in samples to be evaluated for clinical chemistry are?
Coagulation and separation
Dilution and concentration
Hemolysis and lipemia
EDTA and heparin
Uric acid is the major nitrogenous waste in?
Cattle
Horses
Birds
Dogs
Which of the following statements regarding creatinine is false?
It is an indicator of the glomerular filtration rate
It is produced as a result of normal muscle metabolism
It is a less reliable indicator of renal function than BUN
It is usually evaluated in conjunction with BUN and urine specific gravity
A good initial urinary screening test for suspected Cushing disease is?
Endogenous ACTH
Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test
ACTH stimulation
Cortisol/creatinine ratio
Proteins that induce chemical changes in other substances but are not changed themselves are called?
Activators
Buffers
Enzymes
Substrates
What biochemical tests are not considered part of the primary hepatic profile?
BUN and creatinine
Cholestatic enzymes
Hepatocellular leakage enzymes
Total protein and albumin
The total serum protein is 7.3 g/dL and the albumin is 3.5 g/dL. What are the globulin value and the A/G ratio, respectively?
2.09 g/dL, 1.67
3.8 g/dL, 0.92
10.8 g/dL, 1.09
14.6 g/dL, 1.35
A fecal smear can be stained for fat. An increased amount of fat is indicative of?
Dyschezia
Dysentery
Steatorrhea
Tenesmus
Which is the correct method to use when performing a serum bile acids assay?
Draw a blood sample on a fasting animal
Draw a blood sample on an animal right after it eats a meal
Draw blood sample on fasting animal and draw another sample 2 hours later
Draw blood on fasting animal, feed animal, draw blood again 2 hours later
The stain used to stain undigested fecal starch is?
New methylene blue
Lugol iodine
Sudan
Gentian violet
The current test of choice for evaluating liver function is?
Ammonia assay
Bilirubin
Alanine transaminase
The main function of bicarbonate is to?
Maintain proper osmotic pressure of fluids in the body
Maintain normal muscular function
Maintain normal cardiac rhythm and contractility
Maintain balanced body pH levels
A box of reagents for blood chemistry analysis that is labeled for storage at 8 degrees Celsius should be stored how?
In the freezer
At room tempreature
In the refrigerator
In the incubator
Phosphorus concentrations in the body are usually inversely related to the concentration of what substance?
Cholesterol and triglycerides are plasma?
Lipids
Electrolytes
It is important for the body to maintain blood pH at a constant level to maximize function of all body systems. Normal blood pH is?
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
Kidney disease results in accumulation of metabolic waste in the blood - a condition known as?
Azotemia
Bilirubinemia
Hypernatremia
Hyperkalemia
Pre renal azotemia refers to?
Increase in BUN resulting from severe renal disease
Increase in BUN resulting from dehydration, shock, decreased blood flow to kidneys
Decrease in BUN resulting from severe renal disease
Increase in BUN resulting from inability to urinate
Post renal azotemia refers to?
Decrease in BUN resulting from severe renal disesae
Increase in BUN resulting from dehydration
A glucose tolerance test is used to help diagnose?
Cushings disease
Addisons disease
Diabetes mellitus
If a 1:1 dilution of a serum sample is made before analyzing the serum chemistry, the results must be multiplied by?
One
Two
Ten
One hundred
Which of these is least likely to interfere with blood chemistry results?
Postprandial serum
Icteric serum
Fasting serum
Hemolyzed serum
Which of the following statements is true in regard to using hemolyzed serum in a dry chemistry analyzer?
Hemolyzed serum can falsely elevated some results
Hemolyzed serum can falsely decrease some results
Hemolyzed serum is corrected by adding saline
Hemolyzed serum is corrected by adding sterile water
The Icotest is used to determine?
Ketonuria
Bile salts in urine
Bilirubinuria
Proteinuria
Plasma is composed of?
90% water and 10% dissolved substances
80% water and 20% dissolved substances
70% water and 30% dissolved substances
60% water and 40% dissolved substances
To separate plasma from cellular components, blood tubes should be counterbalanced and centrifuged for ___ minutes at ___ rpm
2; 1000
5; 1000
10; 2000
15; 2000
Icteric serum is what color?
Yellow
Red
Brown
Green
With significant dehydration in an otherwise healthy patient - which of the following would likely be seen on a urinalysis and CBC?
Increased SG and increased PCV
Increased SG and decreased PCV
Decreased SG and decreased PCV
Decreased SG and increased PCV
Hypoglycemia may result from?
Serum remaining on RBC too long
Cushing disease
Heavy lactation after giving birth
Blood cells continue to utilize glucose at a rate of ___ to ___ % per hour if allowed to remain in contact with serum
3; 5
5; 7
7; 10
10; 12
For hematology tests, clots in EDTA blood are?
Acceptable if they are microscopic
Acceptable if detected on a wooden stick only
Acceptable if ran through automatic analyzer
Never acceptable
What is not considered an electrolyte?
What is a useful liver test not found on most in-house panels?
Creatinine phosphokinase
The x-ray film digestion test measures the activity of?
Fecal amylase
Fecal trypsin
Hyperkalemia is commonly associated with what endocrine disorder?
Diabetes insipidus
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoadrenocorticism
Prolonged exposure of serum to the blood cells before serum is removed from the clot can result in?
Increased serum glucose
Increased serum phosphorus
Increased serum enzyme activity
Increased serum sodium
When using a liquid reagent-based chemistry analyzer, the higher the concentration of the substance...
The more light will pass through the solution
The less light that will pass through the solution
The amount of light passing through solution remains unchanged
The more the amount of light passing through the solution will fluctuate
When mailing serum samples to a reference laboratory, which of the following do you not want to do?
Label all the samples
Include all test request papers and case history
Mail samples out on Sunday
Pack the sample so that if break occurs, not leaks will happen
If you are unable to perform chemistry tests on a sample for a week - what should you do?
Centrifuge the sample, separate the serum, then freeze it
Place the sample in the frefrigerator
Place the sample in the freezer
Centrifuge the sample, separate the serum, refrigerate it
Diagnostic testing performed in a laboratory setting that is outside of the animal's body is referred to as?
In vita testing
In viva testing
In vivo testing
In vitro testing
Performing a group of blood chemistry tests to evaluate the overall health of an animal is?
Biochemical testing
Quality-control assurance
A complete blood count
Prognostic evaluation
When plasma is required for blood chemistry analysis, the anticoagulant of choice is?
EDTA
Sodium or lithium heparin
Sodium or lithium oxalate
Sodium fluoride
The anticoagulant to preserve blood glucose levels for blood chemistry is?
The preferred sample for most blood chemistry tests is?
Whole blood
Serum
Plasma
Hemolyte
As a general rule, sufficient blood should be collected to yield enough serum, plasma, or whole blood to run each test how many times?
1
3
5
7
In terms of equivalents, one drop of serum is equivalent to?
50 microliters
100 microliters
10 microliters
500 microliters
To preserve blood constituents in the event that the sample analysis is delayed for 8 hours, serum or plasma, should be?
Lyophilized and reconstituted before analysis
Refrigerated and warmed to room temperature before analysis
Placed in 37 degrees Celsius water bath and brought to room temperature before analysis
Left at room temperature until analyzed
For most blood chemistry examinations, serum or plasma sample are stable at room temperature for?
4 to 7 hours
4 to 7 days
4 to 7 weeks
4 to 7 months
For most blood chemistry examinations, serum or plasma sample are stable at refrigerated temperatures for how long?
For most blood chemistry examinations, serum or plasma sample are stable at frozen temperatures for?
False elevations in potassium or inorganic phosphorus levels can be expected in a serum sample that is?
Lipemic
Hemolyzed
Icteric
Refrigerated
False decreases in glucose levels can be caused by?
Prolonged contact with red blood cells before separating the serum
Refrigerating the serum sample before analysis
Freezing the serum sample before analysis
A lipemic sample
Drawing a blood sample from an animal that has recently eaten may result in a sample that is?
Anemimc
Improper handling of a blood sample after it has been collected may result in?
Lipemia
Icterus
Hemolysis
Luekocytosis
Centrifuging a blood sample at high speed for a prolonged period may result in?
Leukocytosis
A serum sample that is extremely icteric generally derives its color from an increased level of?
Total bilirubin
The technology of dry chemistry differs from that of wet chemistry in that the reagents in dry chemistry are supplied how?
In lyophilized pellets
In liquid solutions
Impregnated on slides, cards, strips
In powdered capsules
In wet chemistry technology, the amount of chemical substance in the blood is determined by measuring the?
Light passing through or absorbed by the final sample
Heat generated by the end product
Light reflected from the slide or card
Volume, temperature, pH of the final sample
In dry chemistry technology, the amount of chemical substance in the blood is determined by measuring the?
Volume, temperature, pH of final sample
To verify the accuracy of blood chemistry results in the lab, the technician should use what?
Standard solutions
Quality-control sera
Pooled samples
A reference manual
Quality-control sera used in most labs are supplied in what form?
Liquid
Lyophilized
Pellets
Capsules
In blood chemistry assays, reconstituted control serum
Can be used just once a month to assure analyzer reliablity
Used when patient values are abnormal
Separated into aliquots, frozen, thawed for later use
Can be tightly capped and kept in refrigerator for up to one month
In regard to quality control in blood chemistry - what is not a source of a detectable error?
Inconsistent or poor technique
Equipment malfunction
Reagent contamination or degeneration
Random sampling errors
The calibrated device that is used to deliver a specified volume of patient sample when performing blood chemistry analysis is?
Cuvette
Pipette
Graduated flask
Graduated cylinder
The group of values for a particular blood constituent, derived when a lab has repeatedly assayed samples from a significant number of clinically normal animals of a given species is called?
Reference range
Biochemical profile
Standard curve
Quality control
In blood chemistry testing - the substance on which an enzyme will act is called the?
Substrate
Sediment
Proenzyme
Product
The rate of an enzymatic reaction is measured while it is in progress during what type of reactions?
End point
Kinetic
Thermocouple
Progressive
Enzymes with similar activities but different physical and chemical properties, as well as different issues of origin, are called?
Isoenzymes
Coenzymes
Cofactors
The blood chemistry unit of activity for enzyme concentration is typically expressed as?
mg/dL
g/dL
IU/L
mEq/L
The blood chemistry unit of measurement for electrolytes like potassium and sodium is?
Enzymes are proteins most often found in highest concentration in what area?
Inside cells
Outside cells
In the blood
In the urine
What condition will not affect the accuracy of a blood chemistry kinetic enzymatic assay?
Temperature of reaction
Time of reaction
Sample volume
Final color change of the sample
Laser-flow technology is used in?
Hematology analyzers
Chemistry analyzers
Coagulation analyzers
Electrolyte analyzers
Reflectometry is used in measuring?
WBC
Prothrombin time
A calibration verification on the sensors for PCO2 and PO2 is part of the procedure done by an instrument that is measuring?
Hematology parameters
The Azostix is a rapid quantitative test for blood levels of?
Aspartate aminotransferase
Urea nitrogen
Detrostix and Visidex strips are rapid quantitative tests for blood levels of?
Asparate aminotransferase
An available technology for determination of blood electrolyte levels is?
Electromagnetic fluctuation
Scanning electron microscopy
Ion selective electrode
Immunoelectrophoresis
In cats and dogs - the blood chemistry tests most commonly used to evaluate liver function are?
Alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase
Electrolytes and blood urea nitrogen
Gamma-glytamyl transferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase
Amylase and lipase
In horses - the blood chemistry tests most commonly used toe evaluate liver function are?
Blood chemistry assays, including dye excretion, ammonia tolerance, and bile acid concentrations, are used to evaluate the function of?
Kidneys
Heart
Blood levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and total protein - are all used to evaluate functions of the?
Adrenal glands
Blood levels of total bilirubin will not be a significant finding in?
Hepatocellular damage
Bile duct injury or obstruction
Hemolytic disorders
Acute pancreatitis
Blood levels of total bilirubin are used primarily to evaluate function of the?
Bile ducts
Serum chemistry tests for acute pancreatitis include what?
Lipase and trypsin
Amylase and trypsin
Amylase, lipase, trypsin
A common lab test for chronic pancreatitis is a fecal test for?
Amylase
Trypsin
The principle extracellular cation that is commonly measured in a blood chemistry profile is?
The principle intracellular cation that is commonly measured In a blood chemistry profile is?
Arterial blood is the preferred sample for measurement of blood levels of?
The term A/G ratio refers to the blood ratio of?
Alpha globulins to gamma globulins
Albumin to globulin
Ammonia to glucose
Aspartate aminotransferase to gamma-glutamyl transferase
A by-product of muscle metabolism that is commonly used to evaluate glomerular filtration in a blood chemistry profile is?
Serum electrolyte levels should be determined when evaluating function of the?
Kidney disease leads to accumulation of metabolic waste in the blood - a condition known as?
Hypernaturia
Azoturia
In a diabetic animal - blood chemistry analysis is commonly performed to monitor insulin therapy by measuring levels of?
Insulin
In an animal with history of bone resorption or convulsions, blood chemistry analysis is commonly performed to measure blood levels of?
Calcium and phosphorus
Urea nitrogen and creatinine
Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase
Sodium and potassium
What gland is the most active producer of corticosteroids?
Thyroid gland
The gland function that is evaluated by measurement of blood cortisol levels before and after administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone is the?
Thyroid glands
The gland that is evaluated by measurement of blood levels of T3 and T4 is?
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Measurement of blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and ACTH is used to evaluate function of the?
Blood chemistry analysis is commonly performed to evaluate function of the ___ in an animal showing lethargy, obesity, mild anemia, infertility, alopecia
Chemistry evaluation of the kidney includes measurements of metabolic wastes in the blood in the form of?
Ammonia and pyruvic acid
Bilirubin and urobilinogen
Ammonia is metabolized by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys. Levels of which metabolic by-product of ammonia is measure to assess kidney function?
Measurement of blood levels of amylase and lipase evaluate function of?
Isosthenuria is urine that would most likely have a specific gravity of?
1.010
Below 1.006
1.000
Above 1.065
How would you expect specific gravity of dilute, colorless urine to compare with that of dark yellow urine?
Slightly higher
Moderately higher
Much higher
Lower
