The renal medulla is highly vascularised which is useful for filtration. Which injury and clinical procedure would this be dangerous for?

Which hormone does ecstasy increase the concentration of, which increases water retention?

Which common drug decreases anti-diuretic hormone, resulting in increased water voiding?

What is the main functional part of the nephron?

What are the cell layers that the filtrate has to pass through to travel from the afferent glomerular capillaries to Bowman's capsule and the primal tubule?

What are the main differences between the blood composition in the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles?

Why does the distal tubule contain a higher concentration of mitochondria than the proximal tubule or loop of Henle?

True or false: kidney tissue is densely packed and highly vascularised.

What does the mesangium consist of?

Changes in the four main components of the glomerulus are observed in disease. What are the four main components?

Filtration of the blood occurs through which two glomerular components?

If the podocytes are damaged, filtration will be...

Why is electron microscopy, a rare technique, necessary in investigation and diagnosis of kidney disease?

Other than providing structural support by producing extracellular matrix, what function do the mesangial cells have in the kidney?

What is a global pattern of renal disease?

What is a segmental pattern of renal disease?

What is a diffuse pattern of renal disease?

What is a focal pattern of renal disease?

If a global and diffuse pattern of renal disease is seen, in which all segments of all glomeruli in both kidneys are affected by the disease, what kind of condition might you think this is?

What is anuria?

What is the different between glomerulonephritis and glomerulonephrosis?

What is the general difference between nephritic and nephrotic syndrome?

What is oliguria?

What is polyuria?

What is uraemia?

Renal disease can be classified into partial renal failure and total renal failure. What can partial renal failure be further subdivided into? What can total renal failure be further subdivided into?

Describe the signs of acute renal failure.

What is the main cause of acute renal failure?

Is acute renal failure reversible?

Why is there less of a metabolic disturbance in chronic total renal failure than in acute total renal failure?

Name three potential causes of chronic total renal failure.

Why is chronic renal failure not reversible?

Which two of the main components of the glomerulus does nephrotic syndrome usually involve at least one of?

Given that the glomerular basement membrane is one of the key components involved in filtration and it is also one of the components most likely to be damaged in nephrotic syndromes, whereas nephritic syndromes are usually associated with proliferative changes, what is likely to be seen in the blood/urine in nephrotic syndrome that is not seen in nephritic syndromes?

Nephrotic syndromes can be split into primary and secondary disease categories. What are two primary nephrotic syndromes? Name a secondary nephrotic syndrome.

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

What are the typical signs of nephrotic syndrome?

What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

Minimal change disease is responsible for ~20% of adult nephrotic syndrome cases, but what age group is minimal change disease most common in?

As the name suggests, minimal change disease is difficult to diagnose as there are very few changes in the glomeruli. As a result, electron microscopy is required to analyse the renal tissue. What is seen using electron microscopy?

The aetiology of minimal change disease is not when understood, but which two factors are implicated?

What general class of drug is used in the treatment of minimal change disease?

What is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis characterised by?

How is the immune system involved in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?

What percentage of nephrotic syndrome cases are caused by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children? What is the different in adults?

Histologically/immunohistologically, how is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis usually indicated?

What renal disease pattern does membranous nephropathy (or membranous glomerulonephritis) have?

What is membranous nephropathy characterised by?

Is membranous nephropathy mainly seen in adults or children?

Membranous nephropathy can lead to chronic renal failure over many years in what percentage of patients?

In membranous nephropathy, where do the immune complexes form?

Describe what happens at the glomerular basement membrane in membranous nephropathy.

List some causes of membranous nephropathy.

Is membranous nephropathy treatable?

There are five patterns of response of glomeruli to damage. What are these?

Endothelial cell proliferation as a glomerular response to damage results in occlusion of the renal capillaries, and reduce flow through the glomeruli. What is seen in the blood/urine?

Basement membrane thickening as a glomerular response to damage may be a result of immune complexes, or...?

What can cause capillary wall necrosis (which is usually fibrinoid) as a glomerular response to damage?

What occurs in crescent formation as a glomerular response to damage?

In mesangial cell proliferation as a glomerular response to damage, what antibody is formed?

Does type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis cause nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?

Describe the process of crescent formation as a glomerular response to damage.