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The lymphatics drain the tissues to the lymph nodes. Where do these then drain to in the vascular system?
Antigen is transported into lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatics - which cells tend to be transporting the antigen from the tissues?
Which lymphocytes are found in the follicles of lymph nodes?
Are the T cell zones of lymph nodes more superficial or more deep than the follicles?
Which immune cells does the afferent blood supply bring to the lymph nodes?
Which immune cells does the efferent blood supply transport away from the lymph nodes?
What are the B cells in the follicles and the T cells in the T cell zones doing in there?
What are the primary (central) lymphoid organs?
What are the secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs/tissues?
What is the lymphatic system?
Which secondary lymphoid tissues are found in the pharyngeal area?
Where are Peyer's patches found in the body?
Where in the body is the thymus found?
Describe the organisation of the lobes of the thymus.
Many of the stromal (epithelial, dendritic, macrophage) cells that make up the framework and contribute to the growth and maturation of thymocytes also interact physically with them. What is the function of the thymus?
When does the thymus reach its maximum size and begin to atrophy?
What is lost and what is gained when the thymus atrophies?
What is the average weight of the thymus in a child? And in an elderly individual?
By the age of 35, what percentage of the newborn's thymic generation of T cells dropped to? And at age 65?
Thymic function declines with which inevitable physiological process...?
Bone marrow is both the site of haematopoiesis and a fat depot. Fat eventually fills what percentage of the marrow compartment of bone?
What is the function of bone marrow stromal cells with regard to B lymphocytes?
Bone marrow B cells are the source of what percentage of IgG and IgA in plasma?
As with T cell maturation, there is a selection process within the bone marrow that eliminates B cells that possess what?
Why does the body require a lymphatic system to return lymph to the circulation?
How much lymph must be returned to the circulation in a day?
What is the proper name for lymph and what is its function?
What would develop if the lymphatic system did not return interstitial fluid to the circulation?
What is the composition of the walls of the primary lymphatic vessels?
What is the largest lymphatic vessel?
The heart does not pump lymph through the primary and major lymphatic vessels. What results in its movement?
How does lymph interact with lymphoid organs/lymphocytes?
Before it is activated, what is the composition of a lymphoid follicle/primary follicle?
After activation, what happens to lymphoid/primary follicles?
What is a germinal centre (in a follicle)?
Where are lymph nodes found?
What are the three morphological regions of a lymph node?
What is found in the cortex of a lymph node?
What is found in the paracortex of a lymph node?
Which cells are found in the medulla of a lymph node?
What are the cellular responses within a lymph node when antigen is carried into it?
In the event of an infection or other introduction of antibody to the host, antigen is carried via afferent lymphatics to the lymph nodes. What two things does efferent lymph have a higher concentration of, in this situation, than afferent lymph?
What, as well as lymphocyte proliferation within the lymph node, contributes to a greater concentration of lymphocytes in the efferent lymphatic vessels than the afferent lymphatic vessels during an infection?
What is the immune function of the spleen?
Antigens are not supplied to the spleen by the lymphatic vessels - so how do they get there?
True or false: More recirculating lymphocytes pass daily through the spleen than through all the lymph nodes combined?
The spleen is surrounded by a capsule from which a number of projections (trabeculae) extend into the interior to form a compartmentalised structure. The compartments are of two types, the rep pulp and white pulp, which are separated by a diffuse marginal zone. What do the red and white pulp do?
In the marginal zone, which leukocytes capture antigen and carry it to the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)?
Where in the spleen does the initial activation of B and T cells occur?
In the PALS, dendritic cells present antigen via MHC II molecules to T-helper cells. Which cells do these T-helper cells activate and migrate to the primary lymphoid follicles of the spleen with?
What are the immune consequences of losing the spleen?
List the four types of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that protect the combined mucosal surface area of around 400 m^2.
What is the range of structures/compositions that MALT may consist of?
True or false: the number of antibody producing plasma cells in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue far exceeds the combined numbers in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow?
Which type of immune cells does the epithelium of the MALT mucosa contain? And the lamina propria?
Which type of cell in the epithelium facilitates the presentation of antigen from the lumina of the respiratory, intestinal, urogenital, and lacrimary glands to the lymphocytes in MALT?
Peyer's patches nodules, which extend from the subepithelium to the muscle layer in mucosa, contain how many lymphoid follicles each which can differentiate into secondary follicles with germinal layers?
What type of dendritic cell is scattered about the epithelial cell-matrix of the epidermis?
Other than Langerhans cells, which other immune cell type is found in the epidermal layer of the skin?
Which immune cell types are found in the dermal layer of the skin?
Lacrimal-drainage associated lymphoid tissue is a relatively recent discovery. What features of the tissue helped to clarify its function as part of MALT?
