AQA Geography 7037 Human Case Studies (Full)

Photographs

Textual Sources- Novels and Poetry

Music

Televison and Film

Art

Looking at a Map

White-Flight: The white population are leaving the area

Only 17% of the population is White British (Based on 2011 Census)

The second most populated ethnic group in Newham is Indian at 14%

Total Population in Newham according to 2011 census is 306,998, up from 216,251 in 1991 census

Ethnic-Flight: The ethnic population are leaving the area

Only 18% of the population is White British (Based on 2011 Census)

Only 16% of the population is White British (Based on 2011 Census)

Only 15% of the population is White British (Based on 2011 Census)

The second most populated ethnic group in Newham is Polish at 14%

17% of population was white British

16% of population was white British

18% of population was white British

14% of population was Indian

14% of population was Polish

Population was 216,251 in 1991 and rose by over 100,000 to 306,998 in 2011 (census data)

Population was 116,251 in 1991 and rose by over 100,000 to 206,998 in 2011 (census data)

Middle class white population moved out due to the lower quality of life

Middle class white population moved into due to the better quality of life

More young residents so more workers, which raised the economy in the area

More residents were in poverty as immigrants take on lower skilled jobs

More old residents so more workers, which raised the economy in the area

More residents were in millionaires as immigrants take on high paid jobs

British culture decreased as people leave the area

as migrants move into the area with different religious views and opinions about alcohol, pubs in the area close due to lack of customers

increase in ethnic businesses

higher diversity in worldwide culture in the area

British culture increased as people leave the area

decrease in ethnic businesses

reduction in the diversity of worldwide culture in the area

as people improve their houses, they increase in value, putting up the house prices in the area

luxury shops begin to move into the area as it improves

£12 Billion was invested into Stratford, with £9 Billion from the private sector

42,000 new jobs in the area

as people leave their houses to deteriorate, they increase in value, putting up the house prices in the area

cheap shops such as Primark and Poundland begin to move into the area as it improves

£12 Million was invested into Stratford, with £9 Million from the private sector

since most people in minority ethnic groups are poor, they are forced out of the area as they cannot afford to pay the price that the new luxury shops offer and higher house prices

The diversity in Stratford as a result has decreased and left a higher percentage of White British people in the area

since most people in minority ethnic groups are rich, they are forced out of the area as they have too much money and the prices that the new luxury shops offer are too cheap

The diversity in Stratford as a result has increased and left a lower percentage of White British people in the area

The social class of people in Stratford has also changed to meet the increase in richer people in the area. There are less working class residents and now more middle class in the area

The social class of people in Stratford has also changed to meet the increase in richer people in the area. There are more working class residents and now less middle class in the area

Communities split up and connections between residents are broken

Placelessness starts to happen as luxury and chain shops move into the area and Stratford has become more at risk of becoming a clone town

Communities are closer and connections between residents are strong

Placelessness starts to happen as luxury and chain shops move into the area and Stratford has many new distinctive characteristics to distinguish it from other places

Due to high levels of congestion in the city and a better perceived quality of life, people move into smaller urban settlements and rural settlements

Rural turnaround is occurring in the area. Out-Migration of village born adults and In-Migration of young to middle aged couples/families

Due to lower levels of congestion in the city and a better perceived quality of life, people move from smaller urban settlements and rural settlements into the city

Rural turnaround is occurring in the area. Out-Migration of young to middle aged couples/families and In-Migration of village born adults

more middle aged families move into the area

older population dies out and other elderly people cannot afford to move into the area

population has increased from 3015 in 1911 to 16,304 in 2011

mean age of St Ives is 29

more old families move into the area

younger population dies out and other young people cannot afford to move into the area

population has increased from 315 in 1911 to 1,634 in 2011

mean age of St Ives is 37

older population dies out but elderly population who wish to move in cannot afford to do so

A slight change in class from working to bordering middle class

young population dies out but younger population who wish to move in cannot afford to do so

A slight change in class from middle to bordering working class

Close-Knit community lost with the growth in population

rural character is lost as corner and independent shops close

Close-Knit community gained with the growth in population

rural character is gained as corner and independent shops close and new chain stores open

aims to build 2500 new homes

80 hectares of commercial development

integrated transport plan: each home no more than 400 metres from a bus stop

aims to build 25,000 new homes

800 hectares of commercial development

integrated transport plan: each home no more than 350 metres from a bus stop

It is hoped that the scheme will slow down the net loss of 1,500 people per year who migrate from Newcastle.

It is hoped that the scheme will slow down the net loss of 1,700 people per year who migrate from Newcastle.

The three-storey properties priced from £188,000 are well beyond the average wage of people in Newcastle

The three-storey properties priced from £200,000 are well beyond the average wage of people in Newcastle

new people begin to move into the areas and start to form new communities

the new development brings chain shops into the area risking placelessness occurring

new people begin to move into the areas and start to separate themselves from communities

the new development brings chain shops into the area which creates unique identify to newcastle

2,500 new homes in a parkland setting of 442 hectares will be complete. Useful for richer residents and generating income for the developers.

There will be 80 hectares of commercial development which could generate jobs. Already, the £50m headquarters for Newcastle computer group Sage have been completed. It is expected the software firm's 575,000 sq ft building headquarters will provide jobs for 1,500 workers within two years.

There is an integrated transport plan which will see every home not more than 400 metres from a bus stop, 27km of cycle routes in and around NGP, a discount cycle purchase scheme for residents and a car share database on the Internet.

A full time ranger will be employed to manage the country park to ensure local wildlife conservation

The development lies adjacent to the A1, which will be widened and improved, and is within easy reach of the airport, providing excellent opportunities for national and international travel.

The three-storey properties priced from £188,000 are well beyond the average wage of people in Newcastle.

Environmentalists are concerned about the impact upon Red Squirrel (an endangered species) and deer populations which inhabit this area North of Newcastle.

There is no guarantee of job creation.

The three-storey properties priced from £188,000 are well beyond the average wage of people in Newcastle

Environmentalists are concerned about the impact upon Red Squirrel (an endangered species) and deer populations which inhabit this area North of Newcastle

The NGP housing plans contradict the principles of no/little development in the Green Belt. The greenbelt was designed to prevent urban sprawl into countryside areas which have recreation and agricultural uses.

There is space for around 20,000 high quality homes on brownfield sites near to the city centre in the East and West end of the city. These areas (e.g. Scotswood, Benwell and Byker) are in decline since the loss of the shipping industry and are in need of a boost.

There is no guarantee of job creation.

2,500 new homes in a parkland setting of 442 hectares will be complete. Useful for richer residents and generating income for the developers

There will be 80 hectares of commercial development which could generate jobs. Already, the £50m headquarters for Newcastle computer group Sage have been completed. It is expected the software firm's 575,000 sq ft building headquarters will provide jobs for 1,500 workers within two years

There is an integrated transport plan which will see every home not more than 400 metres from a bus stop, 27km of cycle routes in and around NGP, a discount cycle purchase scheme for residents and a car share database on the Internet

Ford

General Motors

Chrysler

Citroën

BMW

Kia Motors

1.86 million (nearly 2 million)

0.86 million (nearly 1 million)

36%

31%

32%

33%

34%

35%

37%

38%

39%

40%

1903, 1908, 1925: Ford Motor co. founded, General Motors founded, Chrysler corp founded

1913 Ford pioneers assembly line

1940-45 'The arsenal of Democracy'

1959 Motown Records founded

1967, 1973: Race Riots and Oil Crisis

1980 Named 'Murder Capital' of USA, In 2012 this was topped

2009 Car Industry Bail out

18th July 2013 Detroit files for bankruptcy

1903, 1908, 1925: Ford Motor co. founded, Kia Motors founded, Chrysler corp founded

1913 General Motors pioneers assembly line

Re-Imaging

Re-Branding

Place Marketing

Re-Painting

Re-Building

Aims to discard negative perceptions

generates new set of positive ideas, feelings and attitudes to place

may draw on heritage and history of place

Aims to create negative perceptions

generates new set of negative ideas, feelings and attitudes to place

used to discard negative perceptions

to make a place more desirable to live in

to make it a more attractive place to visit

used to generate negative perceptions

to make a place less desirable to live in

industrial decline

unemployment

urban decay

media coverage

industrial rejuvenation

no unemployment

Plans for redevelopment began in 1980s. Construction began in 2000 and it opened on September 3rd 2003.

the regeneration project cost in excess of £600m.

It helped to removed the perception that bullring was inhospitable and cold.

The Bull statue has introduced 'free' advertising for bullring as when people go they want their picture taken at the bull and share it to social media and their friends also want to go and get their picture taken.

Plans for redevelopment began in 1960s, after WW2. Construction began in 1980 and it opened on September 3rd 1983.

the regeneration project cost in excess of £800m.

It helped to generate the perception that bullring was inhospitable and cold.

It cost £150million to build the new centre.

home to over 60 stores

opened on 24 September 2015

Grand central has received glowing reviews which has helped to change the perceptions of the centre.

it cost £300million to build the new centre

it is home to aprox. 50 stores

the shopping centre opened on 22nd August 2014

The blueprints were created in July 1987 for 26 acres of land to be developed.

The first stage included 19 restaurants, shops and bars in Birmingham's first ever purpose designed leisure venue overlooking the canals.

The development contained 120 new homes to encourage more people to live in the city, rather than outside of it.

office space hoped to create 6,000 jobs

the project attracted major businesses to the area such as Royal Bank of Scotland, BRMB and the National Sea Life Centre. This has given Brindleyplace a better perception in the public as people enjoy using the resources.

major investment of £350 million

major investment of £300 million

The development contained 340 new homes to encourage more people to live in the city, rather than outside of it.

The blueprints were created in July 1987 for 10 acres of land to be developed.

visitbirmingham.co.uk whos primary goal is to get people to visit Birmingham and therefore they use positive language and slogans to describe the area.

This leads the people to be influenced to visit Birmingham based upon the images or phases used.

visitbrum.co.uk whos primary goal is to get people to visit Birmingham and therefore they use positive language and slogans to describe the area.

found in the west midlands

located to the south of the major city: Birmingham

located to the north-west from the capital city of England: London

found in the east midlands

located to the south of the major city: Gloucester

located in the east of Redditch

borders mappleborough green, a district of Studley

located in the west of Redditch

borders Woodrow, a district of Redditch

In 1807, the tardebigge wharf on Birmingham-Worcester canal was opened - this allowed redditch manufacturers to transport their goods easier

by 1850, the needle district was producing around 25 million needles and 5 million fishhooks

by the end of 19th century, Henry Millard & Sons Ltd had the largest factory in England for needle production

In 1858, the construction of a railway line from Redditch to barn green began and opened for passengers and goods traffic in 1859.

in 1868, the construction of a railway line from Redditch to barn green began and opened for passengers and goods traffic in 1870.

by 1870, the needle district was producing around 15.7 million needles and 5 million fishhooks

the roads have been pedestrianised near the palace theatre, which has been refurbished.

the library remains unchanged with only minor changes to the entrance facade

the kingfisher centre was under construction in the 19th century. it is now finished and remains largely unchanged. the inside of the centre has been regenerated with a new modern interior. the stores are no longer local, independent businesses, but are large, global TNCs

there has been a substantial increase in closes and cul-de-sacs

the man-made 'Arrow Valley' lake was constructed in the 1970s and is still present

roads created near the palace theatre, which has been refurbished.

the library has been rebuilt and has been redeveloped

based on census data from 2001-2011, the population of Redditch grew by 0.68% each year.

the population was 84,300 in 2011

population density was 15.5 per hectare in 2011 census

within Redditch, 87.39% of the population is white British. White other takes up 3.88%. The most populated ethnic minority group is Pakistani, which makes up 3.06% of Redditch's population

the UK's 2014 population survey found 12 in every 100 people in Redditch were born outside the UK

25% of Redditch's population are most deprived. this is higher than the England average of 20%

42,220 people are economically active and 16,303 people are economically inactive

11,500 people's highest qualification is level 2 (GCSE A*-C) however 17,000 people do not have any qualifications

based on census data from 2001-2011, the population of Redditch grew by 1.68% each year.

population density was 16.5 per hectare in 2011 census

in 2011 census, the total population was 6085. During 2001-2009, the population of match borough fell by between 16-19%.

there are 21.4 people per hectare in matchborough

there is an equal ratio of males to females in the area at 1:1

The white population made up of 94.3% of the total population in 2011. Asian is the most populated ethnic minority group at 2.6% of the total population

45.7% classified their health as caution. only 11.7% classified it as healthy

72.8% of the population are economically active

in 2011 census, the total population was 7085. During 2001-2009, the population of match borough fell by between 16-19%.

there are 15.5 people per hectare in matchborough

Redditch has become increasingly multi-cultural with many ethnic groups opening facilities for ethnic or religious minority groups such as the Redditch central mosque

as a result of the expansion of the EU, immigration has increased in the area. as a result, shops are now adapting to the changing market. store such as Tesco, now stock polish products for the new migrant population

in the town centre of Redditch, Gentrification has begun to take place in the shopping centre. money has been invested to the centre, which has led to an increase in redevelopment of the other buildings in the surrounding area

globalisation and placelessness has began to occur in the area as independent, small businesses cannot afford higher rents. this has affected the culture due to the homogenisation of the area

as a result of the contraction of the EU, immigration has increased in the area. as a result, shops are now adapting to the changing market. store such as Tesco, now stock english products for the new migrant population

in the town centre of Redditch, Gentrification has finished taking place in the shopping centre. money has been de-invested from the centre, which has led to an increase in redevelopment of the other buildings in the surrounding area

recent decrease in quality of life as a result of the closure of facilities at the Alexander hospital has led to a worsened experience.

school boy Callum Cartilage, Aged 8, who lived just 2 minutes away from the Alexander hospital had to go to the Worcester royal hospital due to the reduced services and so consequently died travelling further away

increase in equality allowing women and LGBTQ+ to feel more comfortable in their local area

decrease in equality allows women and LGBTQ+ to feel more comfortable in their local area

recent increase in quality of life as a result of the closure of facilities at the Alexander hospital has led to a worsened experience.

Stratford is located in the north-west corner in the Newham borough

Nearby wards are west ham to the east and canning town north to the south

central London is located to the west of stratford and takes around 40 minutes to travel to by car from Stratford to London

the queen Elizabeth olympic park is located to the south-east of stratford

the queen Elizabeth olympic park is located to the south-west of stratford

Stratford is located in the north-east corner in the Newham borough

historically, Stratford was a place associated with transport, with omnibuses and coaches running into London four times every hour and coaches running from east anglia passing through hourly

on 20th June 1839, Stratford station was opened by eastern counties railway. A railway works and depot for engines and rolling stock was established to the north of Stratford

at its peak, the works employed over 2500, many of whom had homes, along with other rail workers in the area

this meant the area didn't expand into other industries. as a result when deindustrialisation occurred later into the 19th century, the economy greatly fell.

Stratford was originally called Hudson town after George Hudson, the 'railway king' but after his role in bribery and fraud was revealed, the settlement quickly became known as Stratford.

in the 20th century, stratford faced de-indstrialisation. the effects were intensified after the closure of London docks

rejuvenation allowed 42,000 new jobs to be created

£12 billion was invested, £9 billion of which was private money.

£120 million was invested, £90 million of which was private money.

rejuvenation allowed 4,200 new jobs to be created

in 2011, Newham's population was 307,000

population grew by 10.7% from June 2007 to March 2011

Newham's population density was 42.4 per hectare in 2011

52% of the population is male and 48% are female

in 2011, 29% of the population was white

51% of residents have a foreign identity

Newham's pupils get lower SAT results than the London average

in 2009, 19.1% of people in Newham aged 16-64 had no qualifications

in 2011, 19.1% of people in Newham aged 16-64 had no qualifications

59% of residents have a foreign identity

based upon the BBC 2 show 'The Victorian Slum' the difference in peoples experiences have changed quite sharply. in the 19th century, many residents were in poverty and the lower class

these residents benefited from Kind Edwards VII's illness just before his coronation. Due to illness the coronation was postponed. instead of throwing the food way it was donated to the poor

in the present day, many residents feel the area is overwhelmed by immigrants. the current residents have seen a process called white-flight take place where many white residents have moved to different areas. this is a key reason for the large percentage of ethnic minority groups in Newham

the £12 billion investment into the area allowed a phenomenal change in the area. most of the money was used in transport, which has enabled stratford to become the second largest transport links in the London area

the £120 million investment into the area allowed a phenomenal change in the area. most of the money was used in transport, which has enabled stratford to become the second largest transport links in the London area

in the present day, many residents feel the area is underwhelmed by immigrants. the current residents have seen a process called ethnic-flight take place where many white residents have moved to different areas. this is a key reason for the large percentage of ethnic minority groups in Newham

the high street used to be a busy part of stratford with many buildings being independent stores. However, it is now very quiet with wider roads and homes and hotels

stratford station has be regenerated so now it is a modern, glass cladded building with sleek architecture and bright LED signage.

the church of st John the Evangelist, remains mostly unchanged. while the building remains in good condition

the high street used to be a quiet part of stratford with many buildings being independent stores. However, it is now very busy with wider roads and shops and hotels

immigration has shaped the local culture by devaluing local pubs. As many immigrants do not drink alcohol due to religious beliefs; this has caused many local pubs to close

recent gentrification has meant many middle class residents have moved in, bringing with them luxury stores causing other to have to move out due to higher cost of living. This has affected culture as local shops closed and chain stores opened turning stratford into a homogenised place

many tourists visiting the area for London olympics want a taste of British culture, leading to a rise in facilities such as fish and chip shops.

immigration has shaped the local culture by increasing the value of local pubs. As many immigrants do not drink alcohol due to religious beliefs; this has caused many local pubs to reopen

Polar Climates are characterized by a lack of warm summers. Every month in a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 °C.

There are generally two versions of a tropical monsoon climate: Less pronounced dry seasons and Extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons.
Many think that the term "monsoon" means wet weather, when in fact it describes an atmospheric circulation pattern.

Antarctica is the coldest continent on earth, and has a climate of extremes.

Antarctica knows periods of continual daylight and darkness, called "polar summer" (end May - Sept) and "polar winter" (end Nov - March).

The total ice-free area of Antarctica comprises less than 0.4% of the continent

Antarctic soils are characterised by extremely low soil temperatures, with an average mean annual temperature ranging between –15°C and –40°C, and low soil moisture.

The soils typically have low levels of carbon and nitrogen and are low in clay; consequently they have little pH buffering capacity.

Antarctica is the warmest continent on earth, and has a climate of extremes.

Antarctica knows periods of continual daylight and darkness, called "warm summer" (end May - Sept) and "polar winter" (end Nov - March).

there are no permanent residents

In 2010, 37,000 tourists visited the continent.

During 2016-2017, 44,000 tourists visited the continent. The number of tourists increased because of the increasing popularity of the destination.

Due to the increasing popularity, there was also new tourist facilities which further attract people to the area.

Due to the increasing popularity, there was also a fall in tourist facilities which further attract people to the area.

During 2016-2017, 4,000 tourists visited the continent. The number of tourists increased because of the increasing popularity of the destination.

In 2010, 3,700 tourists visited the continent.

Fishing happens because of the surrounding seas along the coastline which is now also increasing with the ice melt as a result of climate change.

The main fish that is sort after is called Krill.

Due to the climate in Antarctica, there is very little green farming in the area.

There is very little ice-free area on the land so therefore the main type of farming is Fishing.

The main fish that is sort after is called Salmon.

Due to the climate in Antarctica, there is lots of green farming in the area.

Polar Climates are characterized by a lack of warm summers. Every month in a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 °C.

There are generally two versions of a tropical monsoon climate: Less pronounced dry seasons and Extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons.
Many think that the term "monsoon" means wet weather, when in fact it describes an atmospheric circulation pattern.

Temperatures remain high all year in the monsoon climate. In Mangalore, India, the average annual temperature is 27.05 oC but only has an annual temperature range of 3.6 oC .

The monsoon climate tends to have its highest temperature just before rainy period. Once the rainy period starts, clouds block incoming solar radiation to reduce monthly temperatures.

Much of the soils in South India are Red Sandy Soils and along the coast are mainly Alluvial Soils.

The climate also has a high enough average temperature so that crops do not freeze but not too hot that they wither.

The climate also has a high enough average temperature so that crops do freeze but not too hot that they wither.

Much of the soils in South India are Podsols Soils and along the coast are mainly Alluvial Soils.

South-India’s population grew by 106% from 2009-2011.

As per the 2011 census of India, the estimated population of South India is 252 million.

Due to the farming industry, many families feel that it is best for them to have many children to help on the farm.

Other people feel that having children is a blessing from God and the more you have the better it is.

As per the 2011 census of India, the estimated population of South India is 25.2 million.

South-India’s population grew by 10.6% from 2009-2011.

The climate allows for these crops to be grown as it provides enough rainfall to sustain the crops along with good temperatures that do not cause the crops to freeze or to whither due to the heat.

The soils and climate in India allow the crops such as: rice, wheat, cotton, jute, sugarcane, groundnut, millet, tobacco and potato to be grown.

Much of the soils in South India are Red Sandy Soils and along the coast are mainly Alluvial Soils.

Much of the soils in South India are Podsol Soils and along the coast are mainly Alluvial Soils.

The climate allows for these crops to be grown as it provides enough rainfall to sustain the crops along with good temperatures that cause the crops to freeze or to whither due to the heat.

A lot of organic matter, rapid decomposition.

Thin layer due to intense bacterial activity

Thick layer due to intense bacterial activity

Not much organic matter, rapid decomposition.

Very thin layer due to short nutrient cycle

contains aluminium and iron oxides

Very thin layer due to long nutrient cycle

Very deep layer

intense leaching

uniform in texture due to intense leaching in high temperatures

uniform in texture due to intense leaching in cool temperatures

Very narrow layer

Dark soil

Evergreen trees grow well and deposit leaf litter

Light soil

Nutrients are stored for long time due to lower temperatures.

Zone of eluviation.

severe leaching.

Nutrients are stored for long time due to high temperatures.

Iron and aluminium accumulate to form a thin orange hard pan layer

This hard pan hinders drainage and creates water logging

This hard pan makes drainage better and reduces water logging

weathered bedrock

very little organic material

lots of organic material

Around 90% of deaths occur in Africa, where an estimated one-child death per minute occurs through malaria, although Asia, Latin America and the Middle East also experience the disease.

Temperature is particularly critical. For example, at temperatures below 20oC Plasmodium falciparum cannot complete its growth cycle.

Countries found along the equator see a higher risk and are locations where transmission occurs

Countries found along the equator see the lowest risk and are locations where transmission doesn't occur

in Africa, where an estimated one-adult death per minute occurs through malaria,

Malaria infects around 500 million people yearly and causes over 1 million deaths.

Globally, around 3.2 billion people are at risk of contracting the disease.

The incidence of malaria was found to significantly decrease with age. The risk of malaria is higher in children under 10 years.

The incidence of malaria was found to significantly increase with age. The risk of malaria is higher in children over 16 years.

1. Bite from an infected mosquito

2. Parasite starts reproducing in the liver, some parasites remaining dormant for years before becoming activated.

3. In the blood stream, further reproduction occurs within red blood cells

4. Parasite reproduction results in further red blood cell infection

5. Cycles of red blood cell infection and destruction coincide with fever and chills

6. Dormant versions of the parasite are ingested by another parasite

1. Dormant versions of the parasite are ingested by another parasite

4. Cycles of red blood cell infection and destruction coincide with fever and chills

4. In the blood stream, further reproduction occurs within red blood cells

Altitude is one of the most important factors that determines the pattern of malaria transmission in Ethiopia. Altitude in Ethiopia varies from 100 metres below sea level to more than 4,000 metres above sea level.

Relative humidity affects malaria transmission through its effect on the activity and survival of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes survive better under conditions of high humidity.

The local natural environment is responsible for the existence of the mosquito and the Plasmodium parasite.

The local natural environment is not responsible for the existence of the mosquito and the Plasmodium parasite.

Relative humidity affects malaria transmission through its effect on the activity and survival of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes survive better under conditions of low humidity.

When mosquitos bite infected people, they become infected themselves and spread the disease on to other people.

A greater number of infections occur where people have low immunity. This makes malaria more prevalent within endemic areas that are holiday destinations or places where people migrate to.

Overcrowding, high rates of urbanisation and poor quality housing all enable the rapid spread of the infection.

The economic impact of malaria is estimated to cost Africa $12 billion every year.

The economic impact of malaria is estimated to cost Africa $120 million every year.

underpopulation, high rates of urban-rural migration and poor quality housing all enable the rapid spread of the infection.

The WHO African Region continues to carry a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2015, the region was home to 90% of malaria cases and 92% of malaria deaths.

Some 13 countries - mainly in sub-Saharan Africa - account for 76% of malaria cases and 75% deaths globally.

Some 15 countries - mainly in sub-Saharan Africa - account for 76% of malaria cases and 75% deaths globally.

Prevention: anti-malarial medicines can be prescribed to people visiting affected areas temporarily. Diagnosis and treatments prevents deaths and helps reduce transmission.

Management: controlling vectors reduces malaria transmission. Sleeping beneath insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) or indoor residential insecticide (IRS) spraying can both be effective.

Eradication: malaria elimination is achieved when cases of malaria have been reduced to zero. Eradication occurs when the reduction of cases to zero become permanent. Although malaria cases are decreasing among 55 countries, only 4 countries have eliminated the disease.

CHD is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, accounting for 7.5 million deaths annually

CHD rates vary considerably among populations and the risk of heart attacks within populations from across the world can be ascribed to the varying levels of risk factors among individuals

CHD is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, accounting for 5.7 million deaths annually

most common symptom of CHD is angina; a low level but fairly constant chest pain which can spread to other parts of the upper body

the other main symptoms of CHD are heart attacks and heart failure. heart attacks can permanently damage the heart muscle and, if not treated straight away, can be fatal

it is posible to recover from heart-attacks and this affects their well-being as they can loose confidence in undertaking physical activity

least common symptom of CHD is angina; a low level but fairly constant chest pain which can spread to other parts of the upper body

there is a cost to the individual, family, government, and country of lost productivity.

in 2009, CHD is estimated to have cost the UK health care system around £8.7 billion and to cost the UK economy was estimated at £19 billion

healthcare costs associated with smoking related illnesses result in a global net loss of US$200 billion per year

the number of people who die or are disabled by CHD could be halved with wider use of a combination of drugs that costs just US$14 a year per patient

the number of people who die or are disabled by CHD could be halved with wider use of a combination of drugs that costs just US$140 a year per patient

in 2010, CHD is estimated to have cost the UK health care system around £8.7 billion and to cost the UK economy was estimated at £20 billion

in developed countries, socio-economic factors and lifestyles diseases are much more important determinants of CHD prevalence

tobacco use, alcohol use, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, poor nutrition and obesity all increase the chances of CHD

tobacco use, alcohol use, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, poor nutrition and obesity all decrease the chances of CHD

industrialisation has brought a number of negative effects. studies in the US have shown that increased exposure to air borne pollutants, increases the risks of CHD

industrialisation has brought a number of negative effects. studies in the US have shown that decreased exposure to air borne pollutants, increases the risks of CHD

poor access to healthcare services, healthy foods and safe, green spaces increase risks

crowded environments can spread diseases

city dwellers are more likely to be exposed to marketing for unhealthy foods, tobacco and alcohol

village dwellers are more likely to be exposed to marketing for unhealthy foods, tobacco and alcohol

in the UK, dieticians promote the benefits for heart health of eating oily fish, more fruit and vegetables, and less saturated fats

in Finland, community based interventions, including health education and nutrition labelling, have led to population-wide reductions in cholesterol levels closely followed by a sharp decline in CHD mortality rates

in Japan, government-led health education campaigns and increased treatment of high blood pressure have reduced blood-pressure levels in the population

in USA, community based interventions, including health education and nutrition labelling, have led to population-wide reductions in cholesterol levels closely followed by a sharp decline in CHD mortality rates

much lower than average mortality rates

lower cases of key diseases

higher life expectancy for both men and women

has higher than England average in health summary 2015 is killed and seriously injured on roads

Englands best value for children in poverty

Englands best life expectancy at birth for males at 83

Englands best life expectancy at birth for females at 83

higher than average mortality rates

residents enjoy a relatively good climate - less rainfall per year than the national average and more weekly sunshine hours

residents have easy access to areas of outstanding natural beauty such as the Wew forest and the Test valley. more locally, Bartley heath and Hook contain miles of protected habitats open for the public to explore

residents have a poor climate - more rainfall per year than the national average and more weekly sunshine hours

the employment rate for Hook is 77%, higher than the national average of 71%. only 2% is classified as unemployed

residents tend to be fit and well - over 97% reported good or fairly good health in the 2011 census

deprivation levels are low. the geographical area of Hook is among the 20% least deprived areas of the country.

the employment rate for Hook is 74%, higher than the national average of 71%. only 2% is classified as unemployed

Around 70% of the land is mountainous, so the people live in a relatively small proportion of the total land area, so the urban areas are densely populated

the climate in most of the major cities, including Tokyo, is subtropical and consists of four seasons.

there are frequent hazards from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

japan has a small number of fossil fuel and mineral deposits

Around 65% of the land is mountainous, so the people live in a relatively small proportion of the total land area, so the urban areas are densely populated

population peaked at 128 million in 2009, it is now 127 million in 2017

the median age is 47 years

japan is shrinking at a rapid pace. the country lost 244,000 people in 2013 as births plunged and deaths soared

the median age is 37 years

japan is shrinking at a rapid pace. the country lost 20,400 people in 2013 as births plunged and deaths soared

traditionally, males were the key roles in the economy but as Japanese society moved towards a post-industrial service economy, well educated females have become an increasingly important part of the workforce

japan is in stage 5 of the DTM

it is thought that by 2050, japans populations will decline by 30% and 50% by 2100

young dependants make up only 13.5% of the population

the burden borne by the working and younger population in supporting the elderly may become unsustainable

young dependants make up 21.5% of the population

japan is in stage 4 of the DTM

there is a growth in the number of private hospitals specialising in elderly healthcare and so creating jobs and income

there is an increasing demand for leisure activities and tourism among the affluent elderly - also generating income and creating jobs

there is a reduction in the number of private hospitals specialising in elderly healthcare and so reducing jobs and income

25% of the governments budget is spent on pensions/social security for the elderly

the working population is shrinking fast, which will have a negative effect on domestic economic growth - affecting production and consumption

a rise in home care by families, who may have to give up full-time jobs to become sole carers, takes more workers away from the economic workforce

rising number of cases of dementia

21% of the governments budget is spent on pensions/social security for the elderly

a fall in home care by families, who may have to give up part-time jobs to become sole carers, takes more workers away from the economic workforce

pregnancy is expensive in Japan as it is not covered by health insurance

child benefit paid by government is low

women receive good education so as a result many are more focused on careers, so they have fewer children

price of schooling in japan has risen - many can only afford to send one child to school

pregnancy is expensive in Japan even though it is covered by health insurance

price of schooling in japan has risen - many can only afford to send two children to school

offered social care to those aged 65+ on the basis of needs alone - the system is part-funded by compulsory premiums for all those over 40 and is part funded by national and local taxation. the scheme is extremely popular

raised the retirement age to 70

raised taxes - once by 5% and again by a further 5% in 2015

pro-natal population policies - encouraging parents to have more children by increasing maternity leave, child allowances and day care support

raised the retirement age to 72

raised taxes - once by 5% and again by a further 3.5% in 2015

Between the tropics of cancer and Capricorn – Near to the equator where the climate is humid and warm

Brazil is the largest supplier of coffee today

Also grows in Ethiopia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea

Often grown in mountainous areas

Between the tropic of cancer and north pole – Near to the equator where the climate is dry and cold

Often grown in low-sea level areas

1.Brazil: US$4.9 billion (15.9% of total coffee exports)

2.Vietnam: $3.2 billion (10.5% of total coffee exports)

3.Colombia: $2.5 billion (8% of total coffee exports)

4.Germany: $2.3 billion (7.6% of total coffee exports)

5.Switzerland: $2.1 billion (6.7% of total coffee exports)

1.Colombia: $4.9 billion (15.9% of total coffee exports)

3.Brazil: $2.5 billion (8% of total coffee exports)

1. United States ($5.7 billion) (19.5% of coffee imports)

2. Germany ($3.4 billion) (11.4% of coffee imports)

3. France ($2.4 billion) (8% of coffee imports)

4. Italy ($1.7 billion) (5.7% of coffee imports)

5. Japan ($1.4 billion) (4.8% of coffee imports)

5. Germany ($1.4 billion) (4.8% of coffee imports)

2. Japan ($3.4 billion) (11.4% of coffee imports)

Produced along the equational region

Countries importing coffee consume more than countries that export coffee

Coffee moves from South America (Brazil), Central Africa and Asia (India) to USA and Europe (UK, Germany, France)

Over 90% of coffee production takes place in developing countries - mostly South America, while consumption happens mainly in the industrialised economies.

Countries exporting coffee consume more than countries that import coffee

Over 90% of coffee production takes place in industrialised countries, while consumption happens mainly in the developing economies.

Brazil has a positive cash flow so they have a strong competitive advantage

Supports local communities and workers

Higher growth opportunities. A rapidly increasing demand for a commodity can see increases in prices significantly time to time. It provides a lot of opportunities to make quick income through commodity investment.

25 million families worldwide are employed in coffee production. This helps to bring families out of poverty and unemployment.

Coffee was the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries from 1970 to 2000. This helped their economies to grow and begin to stabilise the country.

Coffee is plays a vital role in the developing countries economies. Coffee makes up over half of Uganda’s exports and three-quarters of Burundi’s.

Coffee was the most valuable commodity exported by developing countries from 1970 to 2000. This helped their economies to grow and begin to stabilise the country.

Brazil has a negative cash flow so they have a weak competitive advantage

25.6 million families worldwide are employed in coffee production. This helps to bring families out of poverty and unemployment.

Fair-Trade-Certified coffee is not living up to its chief promise to reduce poverty.

There are concerns that premiums paid by consumers are not going directly to farmers, and the quality of coffee is uneven.

There are strict certification requirements that result in uneven economic advantages for coffee growers and lower quality coffee for consumers.

‘Sun Cultivated’ coffee involves the cutting down of frees and mono-cropping, this has led to environmental issues such as pesticide pollution, deforestation and the extinction of songbirds through habitat destruction.

Fair-trade demands dictate what types of crops farmers must grow, this may cause economic inconveniences for them.

‘Sun Cultivated’ coffee involves the cutting down of frees and mono-cropping, this has led to environmental benefits such as pesticide pollution, deforestation and the extinction of songbirds through habitat destruction.

Founded in 1964 – became known as Nike, Inc in 1971

Opened its first store in California in 1966

Worth approximately US$29.6 billion in 2017

More than 75% of the workforce is based in Asia (maximising profits)

Opened its first store in California in 1986

Worth approximately US$19.6 billion in 2017

Founded in 1984 – became known as Nike, Inc in 1986

Headquarters: Beaverton, Oregon, United States

Production: more than 70% of the workforce is found in Asia (Indonesia, China and India)

Located in 50 countries outside the United States

1. Vietnam - 312,000 workers, in 65 factories

2. China - 249,000 workers, in 195 factories

3. Indonesia - 168,000 workers, in 40 factories

4. Sri Lanka - 32,000 workers, in 23 factories

5. Thailand - 31,000 workers, in 35 factories

1. China - 312,000 workers, in 195 factories

1. Vietnam - 312,000 workers, in 195 factories

2. Vietnam - 249,000 workers, in 65 factories

Like many TNC’s, Nike subcontractors use independently owned factories in different countries to produce its products

there are over 500,000 people directly engaged in the production of their products

Nike employs a teams of four per each of the big three countries (China, Indonesia, Vietnam), that focus on both quality of product and quality of working conditions, visiting the factories weekly.

Like many TNC’s, Nike use factories in different countries to produce its products that they own.

there are over 800,000 people directly engaged in the production of their products

Global revenue of over 2.8 billion U.S Dollars in 2014

Lack of production in the United States is due to cheaper labour option in Asia, hence the move in production

trade unions complain about an uneven playing field because of big contrasts in working conditions between HICs and LICs

direct and indirect contribution to local and national tax base

surge of production in the United States is due to expensive labour option in Asia, hence the move in production

trade unions complain about an uneven playing field because of small contrasts in working conditions between HICs and LICs

Community-based ventures include Nike’s collaboration with RED to help work towards an AIDS-free future.

Alongside child labour allegations, Nike plants in Indonesia have been found to suffer from sexual and verbal abuse, lack of medical attention and compulsory overtime

creates substantial employment

contribution to local tax helps pay for new and improved infrastructure

huge demand of water resources and use of fossil fuels

little demand of water resources and use of fossil fuels

creates few jobs in the area