Method outline:

Rinse conical flask with deionised water and place it on the white tile.
Rinse the pipette with deionised water. Rinse it with some of the alkali solution and then use a pipette filler to transfer \(25cm^3\) of solution to the conical flask. Add a few drops of indicator.
Rinse the burette with deionised water and then with the acid solution - make sure to also rinse the area beneath the tap.
Use a funnel to fill the burette up to the zero mark. Remove the funnel and adjust the amount of solution until the bottom of the meniscus, viewed at eye level, sits exactly on top of the zero mark. Place burette in retort stand
Add acid steadily at first, and then dropwise when you are approaching the equivalence point you have calculated. Swirl the conical flask all the time to ensure that the solution is fully mixed and there is no unreacted acid on the walls of the conical flask.
When the indicator just changes colour, stop adding acid. Ensure the tap is fully close and record the titre - the position of the bottom of the meniscus.
Rinse the conical flask with deionised water and repeat the above steps again until you obtain concordant titres.

Titration techniques:

Add about 3 drops of indicator - Many indicators are acids/bases themselves and so adding touch much of them could change the pH of the solution in the conical flask

Fill the burette so that the space between the tap and the tip is full of solution - This prevents air bubbles from forming below the tap which would affect the accuracy of the burette measurement

Tip of burette inside neck of conical flask - Prevents any solution from burette going onto outside of conical flask

Record burette reading to the nearest half of a small division, using a light background to see the meniscus - Increases accuracy

Add sulfamic acid solution steadily at first and then drop by drop, swirling the conical flask all the time - Decreases the chance of overshooting the end point Swirling ensures continuous mixing of the two solutions

Rinsing pipette, burette and conical flask (Described below) - Makes sure we know the exact amounts of each substance being placed in each of the containers, preventing errors from being introduced

Titrations and Solutions