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P1-12

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Quiz sobre P1-12, criado por Mina Phlamon em 24-07-2014.
Mina Phlamon
Quiz por Mina Phlamon, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Mina Phlamon
Criado por Mina Phlamon quase 10 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Which drug is taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion?
Responda
  • acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
  • streptokinase
  • acetaminophen
  • heparin

Questão 2

Questão
What will a partial obstruction in a coronary artery likely cause?
Responda
  • pulmonary embolus
  • hypertension
  • angina attacks
  • myocardial infarction

Questão 3

Questão
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:
Responda
  • reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance
  • decreases serum lipid levels
  • promotes platelet adhesion
  • increases serum HDL levels

Questão 4

Questão
What does the term arteriosclerosis specifically refer to?
Responda
  • development of atheromas in large arteries
  • intermittent vasospasm in coronary arteries
  • degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries
  • ischemia and necrosis in the brain, kidneys, and heart

Questão 5

Questão
Which of the following actions causes the atrioventricular valves to close?
Responda
  • increased intraventricular pressure
  • depolarization at the AV node
  • ventricular relaxation and backflow of blood
  • contraction of the atria

Questão 6

Questão
When stroke volume decreases, which of the following could maintain cardiac output?
Responda
  • decreased peripheral resistance
  • increased heart rate
  • decreased venous return
  • general vasodilation

Questão 7

Questão
Each of the following compares the output of blood from the left and right ventricles with each contraction of a normal heart. Which is correct?
Responda
  • Left ventricular output is slightly greater than the right ventricular output.
  • Left ventricular output is approximately double that of right ventricular output.
  • Left ventricular output equals the right ventricular output.
  • Left ventricular output is less than right ventricular output.

Questão 8

Questão
Which of the following describes the pericardial cavity correctly?
Responda
  • It contains sufficient fluid to provide a protective cushion for the heart.
  • It is a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid.
  • It is lined by the endocardium.
  • It is located between the double-walled pericardium and the epicardium.

Questão 9

Questão
Which of the following factors greatly improves venous return to the heart during strenuous exercise?
Responda
  • rapid emptying of the right side of the heart
  • forceful action of the valves in the veins
  • contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
  • peristalsis in the large veins

Questão 10

Questão
What is the function of the baroreceptors? To:
Responda
  • stimulate the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems at the SA node as needed
  • adjust blood pressure by changing peripheral resistance
  • sense a change in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
  • signal the cardiovascular control center of changes in systemic blood pressure

Questão 11

Questão
The normal delay in conduction through the atrioventricular node is essential for:
Responda
  • preventing an excessively rapid heart rate
  • limiting the time for a myocardial contraction
  • allowing the ventricles to contract before the atria
  • completing ventricular filling

Questão 12

Questão
Which of the following results from increased secretion of epinephrine?
Responda
  • increased heart rate and force of contraction
  • decreased stimulation of the SA node and ventricles
  • vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles and kidneys
  • vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

Questão 13

Questão
Which of the following causes increased heart rate?
Responda
  • stimulation of the vagus nerve
  • increased renin secretion
  • administration of beta-blocking drugs
  • Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

Questão 14

Questão
Which event causes the QRS wave on an ECG tracing?
Responda
  • atrial depolarization
  • atrial repolarization
  • ventricular depolarization
  • ventricular repolarization

Questão 15

Questão
What is the cardiac reserve?
Responda
  • afterload
  • the difference between the apical and radial pulses
  • the ability of the heart to increase cardiac output when needed
  • the extra blood remaining in the heart after it contracts

Questão 16

Questão
What does the term preload refer to?
Responda
  • volume of venous return
  • peripheral resistance
  • stroke volume
  • cardiac output

Questão 17

Questão
Which are the first arteries to branch off the aorta?
Responda
  • common carotid arteries
  • pulmonary arteries
  • coronary arteries
  • subclavian arteries

Questão 18

Questão
Vasodilation in the skin and viscera results directly from:
Responda
  • decreased blood pressure
  • increased parasympathetic stimulation
  • relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterioles
  • increased stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors

Questão 19

Questão
Which of the following drugs decrease sodium and fluid retention in the body?
Responda
  • warfarin (Coumadin)
  • digoxin (Lanoxin)
  • nitroglycerin (Isordil)
  • hydrochlorothiazide (Hydro DIURIL)

Questão 20

Questão
Which of the following are predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation? 1. decreased viscosity of the blood 2. damaged blood vessel walls 3. immobility 4. prosthetic valves
Responda
  • 1, 3
  • 2, 4
  • 1, 3, 4
  • 2, 3, 4

Questão 21

Questão
Modifiable factor that increase the risk for atherosclerosis include:
Responda
  • sedentary life style
  • female more than 40 years of age
  • exclusion of saturated fats from the diet
  • familial hypercholesterolemia

Questão 22

Questão
An atheroma develops from:
Responda
  • a torn arterial wall and blood clots
  • accumulated lipids, cells, and fibrin where endothelial injury has occurred
  • thrombus forming on damaged walls of veins
  • repeated vasospasms

Questão 23

Questão
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL):
Responda
  • promote atheroma development
  • contain only small amounts of cholesterol
  • transport cholesterol from cells to the liver for excretion
  • are associated with low intake of saturated fats

Questão 24

Questão
Factors that may precipitate an angina attack include all of the following EXCEPT:
Responda
  • eating a large meal
  • an angry argument
  • walking down stairs
  • shovelling snow on a cold, windy day

Questão 25

Questão
When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?
Responda
  • Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis.
  • Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time.
  • Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI.
  • Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.

Questão 26

Questão
Which of the following best describes the basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction?
Responda
  • Cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body.
  • Temporary vasospasm occurs in a coronary artery.
  • Total obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial necrosis.
  • Heart rate and force is irregular, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries.

Questão 27

Questão
Which of the following are typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction?
Responda
  • brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing
  • persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse
  • bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnea
  • flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness

Questão 28

Questão
Which statement describes a coronary artery bypass procedure?
Responda
  • removing the section of an artery containing plaque and thrombus
  • compressing the thrombus with an inflated balloon to provide a larger lumen
  • attaching a section of vein to the coronary artery proximal and distal to the obstruction
  • adding a piece of vein to the end of each coronary artery

Questão 29

Questão
Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in:
Responda
  • reducing the risk of blood clotting
  • decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques
  • reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions
  • decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias

Questão 30

Questão
Which of the following confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction?
Responda
  • a full description of the pain
  • the presence of elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides
  • characteristic patterns for serum isoenzymes and the ECG
  • leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein

Questão 31

Questão
The size of the necrotic area resulting from myocardial infarction may be minimized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Responda
  • previously established collateral circulation
  • immediate administration of thrombolytic drugs
  • maintaining maximum oxygen supply to the myocardium
  • removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development

Questão 32

Questão
What is the most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction?
Responda
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • ruptured ventricle
  • congestive heart failure
  • cerebrovascular accident

Questão 33

Questão
Why does ventricular fibrillation result in cardiac arrest?
Responda
  • Delayed conduction through the AV node blocks ventricular stimulation.
  • Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium.
  • The ventricles contract before the atria.
  • Parasympathetic stimulation depresses the SA node.

Questão 34

Questão
What does the term cardiac arrest mean?
Responda
  • cardiac output is less than the demand
  • decreased circulating blood volume
  • missing a ventricular contraction
  • cessation of all cardiac function

Questão 35

Questão
Which change results from total heart block?
Responda
  • a prolonged PR interval
  • periodic omission of a ventricular contraction
  • a wide QRS wave
  • spontaneous slow ventricular contractions, not coordinated with atrial contraction

Questão 36

Questão
What does the term PVC mean?
Responda
  • Atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions.
  • The ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus.
  • Additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle.
  • Increased heart rate causes palpitations.

Questão 37

Questão
Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart failure?
Responda
  • incompetent tricuspid heart valve
  • chronic pulmonary disease
  • infarction in the right atrium
  • uncontrolled essential hypertension

Questão 38

Questão
Which is the best definition of congestive heart failure?
Responda
  • cessation of all cardiac activity
  • inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body
  • insufficient circulating blood in the body
  • the demand for oxygen by the heart is greater than the supply

Questão 39

Questão
Which of the following are significant signs of right-sided congestive heart failure?
Responda
  • severe chest pain and tachycardia
  • edematous feet and legs with hepatomegaly
  • frequent cough with blood-streaked frothy sputum
  • orthopnea, fatigue, increased blood pressure

Questão 40

Questão
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is marked by:
Responda
  • hemoptysis and rales
  • distended neck veins and flushed face
  • bradycardia and weak pulse
  • cardiomegaly

Questão 41

Questão
Which of the following occur as compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure?
Responda
  • slow cardiac contractions
  • increased renin and aldosterone secretions
  • decreased erythropoietin secretion
  • fatigue and cold intolerance

Questão 42

Questão
In which blood vessels will failure of the left ventricle cause increased hydrostatic pressure?
Responda
  • veins of the legs and feet
  • jugular veins
  • pulmonary capillaries
  • blood vessels of the liver and spleen

Questão 43

Questão
Which of the following drugs improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contractions?
Responda
  • Furosemide
  • Digoxin
  • Epinephrine
  • Nifedipine

Questão 44

Questão
In an infant, which of the following is frequently the initial indication of congestive heart failure?
Responda
  • distended neck veins
  • feeding problems
  • low-grade fever and lethargy
  • frequent vomiting

Questão 45

Questão
Which of the following effects may be expected from a beta-adrenergic blocking drug?
Responda
  • increasing systemic vasoconstriction
  • decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart
  • blockage of an angiotensin receptor site
  • increased release of renin

Questão 46

Questão
Which of the following is a sign of aortic stenosis?
Responda
  • increased cardiac output
  • congestion in the liver, spleen, and legs
  • flushed face and headache
  • a heart murmur

Questão 47

Questão
What would an incompetent mitral valve cause?
Responda
  • increased blood to remain in the right atrium
  • hypertrophy of the right ventricle
  • decreased output from the left ventricle
  • decreased pressure in the left atrium

Questão 48

Questão
Which of the following describes the blood flow occurring with a ventricular septal defect?
Responda
  • from the left ventricle to the right ventricle
  • from the right ventricle to the left ventricle
  • increased cardiac output from the left ventricle
  • mixed oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation

Questão 49

Questão
In children with tetralogy of Fallot, why does unoxygenated blood enter the systemic circulation?
Responda
  • The aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions.
  • Pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
  • The left ventricular wall has hypertrophied.
  • The septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria.

Questão 50

Questão
Why does cyanosis occur in children with tetralogy of Fallot?
Responda
  • More carbon dioxide is present in the circulating blood.
  • A large amount of hemoglobin in the general circulation is unoxygenated.
  • The pulmonary circulation is overloaded and congested.
  • The circulation is sluggish (slow) throughout the system.

Questão 51

Questão
Which of the following represent(s) the pathophysiologic changes in the heart in cases of rheumatic fever?
Responda
  • infection in the heart by hemolytic streptococci
  • highly virulent microbes causing vegetations on the heart valves
  • septic emboli obstructing coronary arteries
  • an abnormal immune response, causing acute inflammation in all layers of the heart

Questão 52

Questão
Common signs of rheumatic fever include all of the following EXCEPT:
Responda
  • arthritis causing deformity of the small joints in the hands and feet
  • erythematous skin rash and subcutaneous nodules
  • epistaxis, tachycardia, and fever
  • elevated ASO titer and leukocytosis

Questão 53

Questão
How does rheumatic heart disease usually manifest in later years?
Responda
  • swollen heart valves and fever
  • cardiac arrhythmias and heart murmurs
  • thrombus formation and septic emboli
  • petechial hemorrhages of the skin and mucosa

Questão 54

Questão
Why are septic emboli a common complication of infective endocarditis?
Responda
  • Vegetations are loosely attached and fragile.
  • The valves are no longer competent.
  • Cardiac output is reduced.
  • Heart contractions are irregular.

Questão 55

Questão
Which of the following apply to subacute infective endocarditis?
Responda
  • A microbe of low virulence attacks abnormal or damaged heart valves.
  • Virulent microbes invade normal heart valves.
  • No permanent damage occurs to the valves.
  • Prophylactic medication does not prevent infection.

Questão 56

Questão
Why does pericarditis cause a reduction in cardiac output?
Responda
  • Delays in the conduction system interfere with cardiac rhythm.
  • Due to friction rub, the myocardial contractions are weak.
  • Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity decreases ventricular filling.
  • Incompetent valves allow regurgitation of blood.

Questão 57

Questão
Which of the following may cause pericarditis? 1. infection 2. abnormal immune responses 3. injury 4. malignant neoplasm
Responda
  • 1, 2
  • 3, 4
  • 1, 3, 4
  • 1, 2, 3, 4

Questão 58

Questão
Which of the following could be the source of an embolus causing an obstruction in the brain?
Responda
  • femoral vein
  • pulmonary vein
  • carotid artery
  • coronary artery

Questão 59

Questão
What is considered to be the basic pathophysiologic change in essential hypertension?
Responda
  • development of lipid plaques in large arteries
  • recurrent inflammation and fibrosis in peripheral arteries
  • degeneration and loss of elasticity in arteries
  • increased systemic vasoconstriction

Questão 60

Questão
Where is uncontrolled hypertension most likely to cause ischemia and loss of function?
Responda
  • kidneys, brain, and retinas of the eye
  • peripheral arteries in the legs
  • aorta and coronary arteries
  • liver, spleen, and stomach

Questão 61

Questão
When is a diagnosis of essential hypertension likely to be considered in young or middle-aged individuals?
Responda
  • blood pressure remains consistently above 140/90
  • blood pressure fluctuates between 130/ 85 and 180/105
  • blood pressure increases rapidly and is unresponsive to medication
  • chronic kidney disease leads to consistently elevated blood pressure

Questão 62

Questão
What is atherosclerosis in the iliac or femoral arteries likely to cause? 1. gangrenous ulcers in the legs 2. strong rapid pulses in the legs 3. intermittent claudication 4. red, swollen legs
Responda
  • 1, 2
  • 1, 3
  • 2, 3
  • 2, 4

Questão 63

Questão
What does the term intermittent claudication refer to?
Responda
  • sensory deficit in the legs due to damage to nerves
  • chest pain related to ischemia
  • ischemic muscle pain in the legs, particularly with exercise
  • dry, cyanotic skin with superficial ulcers

Questão 64

Questão
What is the primary reason for amputation of gangrenous toes or feet in patients with peripheral vascular disease?
Responda
  • promotes more rapid healing of ulcerated areas
  • improves circulation to other areas
  • prevents spread of infection and reduces pain
  • reduces swelling in the peripheral areas

Questão 65

Questão
An echocardiogram is used to demonstrate any abnormal:
Responda
  • activity in the conduction system
  • movement of the heart valves
  • change in central venous pressure
  • blood flow in coronary arteries

Questão 66

Questão
A friction rub is associated with:
Responda
  • infectious endocarditis
  • arrhythmias
  • pericarditis
  • an incompetent aortic valve

Questão 67

Questão
How does a dissecting aortic aneurysm develop?
Responda
  • A dilation or bulge develops at one point on the aortic wall.
  • Thrombus accumulates at a point in the aortic wall.
  • A section of the aorta weakens and dilates in all directions.
  • A tear in the intimal lining allows blood flow between layers of the aortic wall.

Questão 68

Questão
What is the outcome for many aortic aneurysms?
Responda
  • early diagnosis and repair
  • thrombus formation and pulmonary embolus
  • rupture and hemorrhage
  • pressure on adjacent organs or structures

Questão 69

Questão
Which factor predisposes to varicose veins during pregnancy?
Responda
  • compressed pelvic veins
  • stenotic valves in leg veins
  • thrombus formation
  • insufficient muscle support for veins

Questão 70

Questão
Phlebothrombosis is more likely to cause pulmonary emboli than is thrombophlebitis because:
Responda
  • platelets attach to the inflamed wall
  • thrombus forms in a vein and is asymptomatic
  • leg cramps require massage
  • systemic signs of inflammation require treatment

Questão 71

Questão
How is shock defined?
Responda
  • failure of the heart to supply sufficient blood to body cells
  • general hypoxia causing damage to various organs
  • decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion
  • loss of blood causing severe hypoxia

Questão 72

Questão
When does shock follow myocardial infarction?
Responda
  • The stress response causes general vasodilation.
  • Fluid is lost into ischemic tissues.
  • Heart valves are damaged.
  • A large portion of the myocardium is damaged.

Questão 73

Questão
What are the early signs of circulatory shock? 1. pale moist skin 2. loss of consciousness 3. anxiety and restlessness 4. rapid strong pulse
Responda
  • 1, 2
  • 1, 3
  • 1, 4
  • 3, 4

Questão 74

Questão
What indicates compensation for shock?
Responda
  • increased heart rate and oliguria
  • lethargy and decreased responsiveness
  • warm, dry, flushed skin
  • weak, thready pulse

Questão 75

Questão
Why does anaphylactic shock cause severe hypoxia very quickly?
Responda
  • Generalized vasoconstriction reduces venous return.
  • Bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema reduce airflow.
  • Heart rate and contractility are reduced.
  • Metabolic rate is greatly increased.

Questão 76

Questão
Why does neurogenic (vasogenic) shock result from systemic vasodilation?
Responda
  • increased peripheral resistance and less blood in the microcirculation
  • increased permeability of all the blood vessels leading to hypovolemia
  • slower, less forceful cardiac contractions
  • increased capacity of the vascular system and reduced venous return

Questão 77

Questão
What is a prolonged period of shock likely to cause?
Responda
  • damage and increased permeability of pulmonary capillaries
  • increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys
  • increased pH of blood and body fluids
  • Increased systemic vasoconstriction

Questão 78

Questão
What would indicate decompensated acidosis related to shock?
Responda
  • serum bicarbonate level below normal
  • PCO2 above normal
  • serum pH below normal range
  • urine pH of 4.5

Questão 79

Questão
With shock, anaerobic cell metabolism and decreased renal blood flow cause:
Responda
  • metabolic alkalosis
  • metabolic acidosis
  • decreased serum potassium
  • increased serum bicarbonate

Questão 80

Questão
Why does shock develop in patients with severe burns?
Responda
  • extensive hemorrhage
  • pain and loss of plasma
  • direct damage to the heart
  • extensive hemolysis of erythrocytes

Questão 81

Questão
The classic early manifestation(s) of left-sided congestive heart failure are ____, whereas the early indicator(s) of right-sided failure are _______.
Responda
  • palpitations and periodic chest pain; shortness of breath on exertion
  • swelling of the ankles and abdomen; chest pain
  • shortness of breath on exertion or lying down; swelling of the ankles
  • coughing up frothy sputum; hepatomegaly and splenomegaly

Questão 82

Questão
Which is a common adverse effect of many antihypertensive medications?
Responda
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • bradycardia
  • altered blood coagulation
  • peripheral edema

Questão 83

Questão
The cause of essential hypertension is considered to be:
Responda
  • chronic renal disease
  • excessive intake of saturated fats and salt
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • idiopathic

Questão 84

Questão
For which of the following would a cardiac pacemaker likely be inserted?
Responda
  • angina pectoris
  • heart block
  • congestive heart failure
  • ventricular fibrillation

Questão 85

Questão
Which of the following is considered to be the most dangerous arrhythmia?
Responda
  • tachycardia
  • bradycardia
  • ventricular fibrillation
  • second-degree heart block

Questão 86

Questão
Which of the following is NOT true of the drug nitroglycerin?
Responda
  • It decreases myocardial workload by causing systemic vasodilation.
  • It may be administered sublingually, transdermally, or by oral spray.
  • Dizziness or syncope may follow a sublingual dose.
  • It strengthens the myocardial contraction.

Questão 87

Questão
Which of the following would confirm the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction? 1. specific changes in the ECG 2. marked leukocytosis and increased ESR 3. elevation of cardiac isoenzymes in serum 4. pattern of pain
Responda
  • 1, 2
  • 1, 3
  • 2, 4
  • 3, 4

Questão 88

Questão
Which of the following statements regarding aneurysms is true?
Responda
  • Aneurysms are always caused by congenital malformations.
  • The greatest danger with aneurysms is thrombus formation.
  • Manifestations of aneurysms result from compression of adjacent structures.
  • Aneurysms involve a defect in the tunica media of veins.

Questão 89

Questão
What is the most common factor predisposing to the development of varicose veins?
Responda
  • trauma
  • congenital valve defect in the abdominal veins
  • infection
  • increased venous pressure

Questão 90

Questão
In the period immediately following a myocardial infarction, the manifestations of pallor and diaphoresis, rapid pulse, and anxiety result from:
Responda
  • onset of circulatory shock
  • the inflammatory response
  • release of enzymes from necrotic tissue
  • heart failure

Questão 91

Questão
Septic shock differs from hypovolemic shock in that it is frequently manifested by:
Responda
  • fever and flushed face
  • elevated blood pressure
  • increased urinary output
  • slow bounding pulse

Questão 92

Questão
Heart block, in which a conduction delay at the AV node results in intermittent missed ventricular contractions, is called:
Responda
  • first-degree block
  • second-degree block
  • bundle-branch block
  • total heart block

Questão 93

Questão
More extensive permanent damage is likely when a myocardial infarction is caused by:
Responda
  • a hemorrhage
  • an embolus
  • a thrombus
  • an arrhythmia

Questão 94

Questão
A very rapid heart rate reduces cardiac output because:
Responda
  • venous return is increased.
  • ventricular fibrillation develops immediately.
  • conduction through the AV node is impaired.
  • ventricular filling is reduced.

Questão 95

Questão
The right side of the heart would fail first in the case of: 1. severe mitral valve stenosis 2. uncontrolled essential hypertension 3. large infarction in the right ventricle 4. advanced COPD
Responda
  • 1, 2
  • 2, 3
  • 1, 4
  • 3, 4

Questão 96

Questão
Which of the following compensations that develop in patients with congestive heart failure eventually increase the workload of the heart?
Responda
  • faster heart rate and cardiomegaly
  • peripheral vasoconstriction
  • increased secretion of renin
  • a and c
  • a, b, and c

Questão 97

Questão
Which statement applies to paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Responda
  • It indicates decreased CO2 diffusion in the lungs.
  • It indicates swelling in the bronchioles and bronchi.
  • It is caused by increased blood in the lungs when lying in a supine position.
  • It results from pleural effusion.

Questão 98

Questão
In patients with congestive heart failure, ACE inhibitor drugs are useful because they:
Responda
  • reduce renin and aldosterone secretion
  • slow the heart rate
  • strengthen myocardial contraction
  • block arrhythmias

Questão 99

Questão
In a child with ventricular septal defect, altered blood flow:
Responda
  • leads to increased stroke volume from the left ventricle
  • results in unoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation
  • is called a right-to-left shunt
  • is called a left-to-right shunt

Questão 100

Questão
In a child with acute rheumatic fever, arrhythmias may develop due to the presence of:
Responda
  • endocarditis
  • myocarditis
  • pericarditis
  • congestive heart failure

Questão 101

Questão
Prophylactic antibacterial drugs such as amoxicillin are given to those with certain congenital heart defects or damaged heart valves immediately before invasive procedures to prevent:
Responda
  • formation of septic thrombi
  • infectious endocarditis
  • abscess formation
  • myocarditis

Questão 102

Questão
Varicose ulcers may develop and be slow to heal because:
Responda
  • leg muscles are painful, restricting movement
  • edema reduces arterial blood supply to the area
  • emboli form in damaged veins leading to local ischemia
  • valves in veins restrict blood flow

Questão 103

Questão
Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes:
Responda
  • increased cardiac output
  • myocardial infarction
  • reduced venous return
  • friction rub

Questão 104

Questão
Aortic stenosis means the aortic valve:
Responda
  • allows blood to leak back into the left ventricle during diastole
  • cannot fully open during systole
  • functions to increase stroke volume
  • does not respond to the cardiac cycle

Questão 105

Questão
Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?
Responda
  • an inherited disorder
  • a combination of specific etiologic factors
  • an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
  • prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment

Questão 106

Questão
The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:
Responda
  • subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness
  • signs and symptoms of a disease
  • factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness
  • early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection

Questão 107

Questão
The best definition of the term prognosis is the:
Responda
  • precipitating factors causing an acute episode
  • number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness
  • predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease
  • exacerbations occurring during chronic illness

Questão 108

Questão
Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?
Responda
  • swelling of the knee
  • fever
  • pain in the neck
  • red rash on the face

Questão 109

Questão
Etiology is defined as the study of the:
Responda
  • causes of a disease
  • course of a disease
  • expected complications of a disease
  • manifestations of a disease

Questão 110

Questão
Hypertrophy of the heart would be related to:
Responda
  • an increase in the size of the individual cells
  • an increase in the number of cells in an area
  • replacement of normal cells by a different type of cell
  • a decrease in the size of the individual cells

Questão 111

Questão
A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called:
Responda
  • metaplasia
  • atrophy
  • dysplasia
  • hypertrophy

Questão 112

Questão
When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called:
Responda
  • ischemia
  • gangrene
  • hypoxia
  • necrosis

Questão 113

Questão
Lack of exercise during an illness may cause skeletal muscle to undergo:
Responda
  • hypertrophy
  • dysplasia
  • atrophy
  • regeneration

Questão 114

Questão
The term cancer refers to:
Responda
  • dysplasia
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • malignant neoplasm

Questão 115

Questão
To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?
Responda
  • an increased rate of mitosis by certain cells
  • ischemic damage to cells
  • liquefaction of neurotic tissue
  • preprogrammed cell self-destruction

Questão 116

Questão
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Responda
  • Alteration of DNA does not change cell function.
  • Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves.
  • All types of cells die at the same rate.
  • Mild ischemia causes immediate cell death.

Questão 117

Questão
Caseation necrosis refers to an area where:
Responda
  • cell proteins have been denatured
  • cell are liquefied by enzymes
  • dead cells form a thick cheesy substance
  • bacterial invasion has occurred

Questão 118

Questão
Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of:
Responda
  • an iatrogenic cause of cancer
  • a preventative measure
  • a precipitating factor
  • a predisposing condition

Questão 119

Questão
A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed:
Responda
  • latent stage
  • predisposing factor
  • incidence
  • precipitating factor

Questão 120

Questão
What is an acute episode of a chronic disease called?
Responda
  • an exacerbation
  • a prodromal period
  • a complication
  • a sequel

Questão 121

Questão
The term homeostasis refers to:
Responda
  • the causative factors in a particular disease
  • maintenance of a stable internal environment
  • a condition that triggers an acute episode
  • a collection of signs and symptoms

Questão 122

Questão
Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease is established?
Responda
  • symptoms
  • occurrence
  • manifestations
  • complication

Questão 123

Questão
Pathophysiology involves the study of:
Responda
  • the structure of the human body
  • the functions of various organs in the body
  • functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes
  • various cell structures and related functions

Questão 124

Questão
Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?
Responda
  • the science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases
  • the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
  • identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms
  • the global search for emerging diseases

Questão 125

Questão
Which of the following can cause cell injury or death? 1. hypoxia 2. exposure to excessive cold 3. excessive pressure on a tissue 4. chemical toxins
Responda
  • 1, 2
  • 2, 4
  • 1, 3, 4
  • 2, 3, 4
  • 1, 2, 3, 4

Questão 126

Questão
All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT:
Responda
  • follow cancer screening guidelines
  • use sun block agents whenever exposed
  • participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis
  • choose high fiber, lower fat foods
  • avoid second hand smoke at all times

Questão 127

Questão
The term disease refers to:
Responda
  • the period of recovery and return to a normal healthy state
  • the relative number of deaths during an epidemic
  • the treatment measures used to promote recovery
  • a basic collection of signs and symptoms
  • a deviation from the normal state of health and function

Questão 128

Questão
The best definition of ischemia is:
Responda
  • the mechanical damage due to pressure on tissue
  • any imbalance of fluids or electrolytes in the body
  • a deficit of oxygen supply to the cells, due to circulatory obstruction
  • the effects of infection by microorganisms

Questão 129

Questão
All of the following statements are correct about cell damage EXCEPT:
Responda
  • The Initial stage of cell damage often causes an alteration in metabolic reactions.
  • If the factor causing the damage is removed quickly, the cell may be able to recover and return to its normal state.
  • If the noxious factor remains for an extended period of time, the damage becomes irreversible and the cell dies.
  • Initially cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function.

Questão 130

Questão
Which of the following conditions distinguishes double blind studies used in health research?
Responda
  • Neither the members of the control group or the experimental group nor the person administering the treatment know who is receiving the experimental therapy.
  • Both groups of research subjects and the person administering the treatment know who is receiving the experimental therapy.
  • The research subjects do not know, but the person administering the treatment knows who is receiving placebo or standard therapy.
  • Only members of the control group know they are receiving standard therapy.

Questão 131

Questão
If the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increased effectiveness and is safe, this is called:
Responda
  • the placebo effect
  • evidence based research
  • blind research studies
  • approval for immediate distribution

Questão 132

Questão
A short-term illness that develops very quickly with perhaps a high fever or severe pain is called:
Responda
  • acute
  • latent
  • chronic
  • manifestation

Questão 133

Questão
The term prognosis refers to the:
Responda
  • period of recovery and return to a normal state
  • expected outcome of the disease
  • mortality and morbidity rates for a given population
  • typical collection of signs and symptoms

Questão 134

Questão
When prolonged ischemia occurs to an area of the heart, the resulting damage is referred to as:
Responda
  • atrophy
  • liquefactive necrosis
  • apoptosis
  • infarction

Questão 135

Questão
During the evaluation process for a new therapy’s effectiveness and safety, a double blind study may be conducted during:
Responda
  • the first stage
  • the second stage
  • the third stage
  • any of these stages

Questão 136

Questão
Why are the predisposing factors for a specific disease important to health professionals?
Responda
  • to predict the prognosis
  • to determine treatments
  • to develop preventative measures
  • to develop morbidity statistics

Questão 137

Questão
Cell damage may be caused by exogenous sources such as:
Responda
  • abnormal metabolic processes
  • certain food additives
  • genetic defects
  • localized hypoxia

Questão 138

Questão
Which of the following is usually included in a medical history? 1. past illnesses or surgeries 2. current illnesses, acute and chronic 3. prescribed medication or other treatments 4. nonprescription drugs and herbal remedies 5. current allergies
Responda
  • 1, 3
  • 2, 5
  • 2, 4, 5
  • 1, 3, 4
  • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

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