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CHAPTER 6 NEW

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Quiz sobre CHAPTER 6 NEW, criado por J P em 20-02-2018.
J P
Quiz por J P, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por J P mais de 8 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
A change in behavior or belief to accord with others is called
Responda
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Questão 2

Questão
Even though you really dislike wearing a dress, you decide to wear one to your cousin's wedding. This is an example of
Responda
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Questão 3

Questão
In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries
Responda
  • Z
  • a negative value judgment
  • a neutral value judgment
  • both positive and negative value judgments

Questão 4

Questão
Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request, while privately disagreeing is called
Responda
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Questão 5

Questão
When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of
Responda
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Questão 6

Questão
If you clean your room only because your parents order you to, your behavior is a form of
Responda
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Questão 7

Questão
Acting in accord with a direct order is called
Responda
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Questão 8

Questão
After hearing a great deal about the benefits of soy products from your friends, you decide to drink soy milk instead of cow's milk. Your behavior is an example of
Responda
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Questão 9

Questão
Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is called
Responda
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Questão 10

Questão
_______ sometimes follows compliance
Responda
  • Obedience
  • Acceptance
  • Conformity
  • Reactance

Questão 11

Questão
After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous and therefore he quits. His behavior is an example of
Responda
  • obedience
  • acceptance
  • conformity
  • compliance

Questão 12

Questão
A classmate across the room yawns and then several other students yawn, this is an example of
Responda
  • informational influence
  • psychological reactance
  • group cohesion
  • social contagion

Questão 13

Questão
In his classic study of _______, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room
Responda
  • obedience
  • group cohesiveness
  • norm formation
  • psychological reactance

Questão 14

Questão
Studies involving _______ most clearly demonstrate how social influence can take the form of acceptance
Responda
  • the judgments of the length of lines
  • the judgments of the autokinetic phenomenon
  • the shocking of innocent victims
  • personality factors

Questão 15

Questão
Milgram's studies explored _______; Asch's studies explored _______
Responda
  • obedience; conformity
  • conformity; norm formation
  • obedience; norm formation
  • conformity; obedience

Questão 16

Questão
Several restaurant managers complied with orders from a telephone caller, posing as a police officer, to strip search a customer or employee. This is an example of the power of _______ on compliance
Responda
  • group influence
  • personality factors
  • the closeness of the authority
  • the legitimacy of authority

Questão 17

Questão
The copycat suicide phenomenon is most likely to occur
Responda
  • in older adults
  • two to three months later
  • in places where the suicide story is publicized
  • during the winter

Questão 18

Questão
A year after his original study, Sherif's participants were retested alone and gave answers that supported the original group's norm. This suggests that the process involved was really
Responda
  • reactance
  • compliance
  • obedience
  • acceptance

Questão 19

Questão
In the spring of 1954, Seattle residents were alarmed by widespread reports of damage by a mysterious windshield-pitting agent. According to the text, the true cause of public concern was most likely
Responda
  • fallout from recent Pacific testing of the H-bomb
  • mass suggestibility
  • psychological reactance
  • the autokinetic phenomenon

Questão 20

Questão
Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this
Responda
  • the chameleon effect
  • mood linkage
  • compliance
  • automatic processing

Questão 21

Questão
The spread of bodily complaints within a school or workplace with no organic basis for the symptoms is called
Responda
  • mass influence
  • social influence
  • mass delusion
  • mass hysteria

Questão 22

Questão
Sherif is to the study of _______ as Asch is to the study of _______
Responda
  • conformity; compliance
  • compliance; conformity
  • norm formation; obedience
  • norm formation; conformity

Questão 23

Questão
How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif?
Responda
  • Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task
  • Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions
  • Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment
  • Sherif's participants were in the physical presence of the pressuring group while Asch's participants were not

Questão 24

Questão
While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99% of the time in Asch's conformity study, his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others ___ % of the time
Responda
  • 12
  • 37
  • 65
  • 87

Questão 25

Questão
According to the text, Asch's experiments lacked _______ but did possess _______
Responda
  • experimental realism; mundane realism
  • mundane realism; experimental realism
  • validity; reliability
  • reliability; validity

Questão 26

Questão
Asch's conformity experiments showed that most people
Responda
  • go along with others' decisions
  • conform even when wrong
  • tell the truth even when others do not
  • become confused when confronted

Questão 27

Questão
The results of both the Sherif and Asch studies are startling because their studies did not employ any
Responda
  • judgments about ambiguous stimuli
  • groups larger than four persons
  • experimental realism
  • open, obvious pressure to conform

Questão 28

Questão
The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by
Responda
  • Sherif
  • Milgram
  • Asch
  • Watson

Questão 29

Questão
The experimenter in Milgram's study used all EXCEPT which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue?
Responda
  • "It is absolutely essential that you continue."
  • "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."
  • "You have no other choice, you must go on."
  • "The experiment requires that you continue."

Questão 30

Questão
When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given
Responda
  • shocks to keep them going
  • money as an incentive to keep going
  • up to four verbal prods to keep them going
  • a reward for being one of the few to disobey

Questão 31

Questão
When Milgram asked 100 psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought _______ would _______
Responda
  • they themselves; never begin to administer the shocks
  • they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts
  • other people; disobey by about 210 volts
  • other people; would go all the way to 450 volts

Questão 32

Questão
When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them
Responda
  • refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts
  • refused to deliver shocks past the 300-volt level
  • went clear to 450 volts
  • asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts

Questão 33

Questão
In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition,
Responda
  • the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands
  • teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks
  • learners became more real and personal to the teacher
  • fewer participants went to 450 volts

Questão 34

Questão
A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that
Responda
  • none had been harmed
  • many were suspicious of all authorities
  • a minority of them had lowered self-esteem
  • most regretted having served in Milgram's study

Questão 35

Questão
In light of the Milgram studies, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience?
Responda
  • the victim's emotional distance
  • the victim's physical distance
  • the authority's closeness and legitimacy
  • whether or not the authority was institutionalized

Questão 36

Questão
In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions, ___ % obeyed to 450 volts
Responda
  • 100
  • 80
  • 40
  • 20

Questão 37

Questão
In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions, ___ % obeyed
Responda
  • 100
  • 70
  • 30
  • 15

Questão 38

Questão
Consistent with what is known about depersonalization, Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994) found that expectant women expressed more _______ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus
Responda
  • apathy
  • resentment
  • commitment
  • hostility

Questão 39

Questão
In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience
Responda
  • dropped to zero
  • dropped to 21 percent
  • dropped to 50 percent
  • increased to 73 percent

Questão 40

Questão
In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation,
Responda
  • most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member
  • the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader
  • participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group, and some even became enthusiastic
  • 80% of the teachers refused to comply fully

Questão 41

Questão
In a study by Hofling and his colleagues (1966), 22 hospital nurses were telephoned by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose. Results showed that
Responda
  • most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference
  • most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing
  • less experienced nurses complied but more experienced ones challenged the order
  • all but one proceeded to comply without delay

Questão 42

Questão
When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _______ compared to the Yale rate
Responda
  • remained unchanged
  • decreased
  • increased slightly
  • increased significantly

Questão 43

Questão
A fad such as tattoos are an example of
Responda
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Questão 44

Questão
Interpreting events differently after hearing from others is what social psychologists call
Responda
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Questão 45

Questão
Doing as others do is what social psychologists call
Responda
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Questão 46

Questão
_______ occurs when soldiers or employees follow questionable orders, such as when nurses willingly follow a physician's order to give a patient a dangerously high dosage of medication
Responda
  • Norm formation
  • Conformity
  • Obedience
  • Acceptance

Questão 47

Questão
You decide to pierce your tongue after all your friends have. This is an example of
Responda
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Questão 48

Questão
Although you did not like it when you first saw it alone, you go to the same movie with a friend for a second time. After she raves about it, you decide that it wasn't so bad after all. Your interpreting events differently after hearing your friend's opinion is called
Responda
  • norm formation
  • conformity
  • obedience
  • reactance

Questão 49

Questão
As an example of the liberating effects of group influence, ___ % of the participants in a variation of Milgram's study conformed to the confederate's behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter
Responda
  • 90
  • 45
  • 20
  • 10

Questão 50

Questão
During the 1970s, the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority. The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners, then to observe torture, and then to eventually practice torture. This process demonstrates how _______ can breed _______
Responda
  • obedience; conformity
  • conformity; obedience
  • compliance; acceptance
  • acceptance; compliance

Questão 51

Questão
Normative influence leads to compliance, especially for those
Responda
  • in ambiguous situations
  • who are comfortable in their roles
  • who are seeking to climb a status ladder
  • who are in positions of authority

Questão 52

Questão
A concern for _______ produces normative influence, while a concern for _______ produces informational influence
Responda
  • social image; being correct
  • being correct; social image
  • being correct; gaining status
  • social roles; authority figures

Questão 53

Questão
If we were to conclude that Milgram's obedient participants were particularly hostile and aggressive people, we would be
Responda
  • making a correct inference
  • committing the fundamental attribution error
  • ignoring the power of behavior to shape attitudes
  • ignoring the strength of positive internal dispositions

Questão 54

Questão
Research on group size and conformity has shown that
Responda
  • as group size increases, conformity decreases
  • as group size increases, conformity increases
  • group size influences conformity in teenagers but not in adults
  • the conformity of females is more significantly influenced by group size than is the conformity of males

Questão 55

Questão
According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its
Responda
  • agenda
  • anonymity
  • unanimity
  • heterogeneity

Questão 56

Questão
The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another, is called
Responda
  • conformity
  • cohesion
  • compliance
  • unanimity

Questão 57

Questão
The relationship between the degree to which a group is cohesive and the degree to which the group has power over its members is a _______ one
Responda
  • positive
  • negative
  • neutral
  • curvilinear

Questão 58

Questão
Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact illustrates the impact of _______ on conformity
Responda
  • unanimity
  • status
  • cohesiveness
  • co-morbidity

Questão 59

Questão
Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate _______ in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate
Responda
  • increases
  • decreases
  • stays the same
  • increases, then gradually decreases

Questão 60

Questão
Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate decreases in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate, especially if the non-jaywalker is well dressed. This is an example of the power of _______ on conformity
Responda
  • unanimity
  • status
  • cohesiveness
  • co-morbidity

Questão 61

Questão
In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must _______ than when they must _______
Responda
  • respond publicly; write down their responses in private
  • commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public
  • think before acting; react spontaneously
  • explain their responses; keep silent

Questão 62

Questão
After President Bush announced his position regarding a possible war with Iraq, he was unlikely to change his mind. This most likely reflects the
Responda
  • we-they polarity between the political parties
  • fact that public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence
  • fact that the high status of the office elicits a need for uniqueness
  • fact that higher-status people are more susceptible to psychological reactance

Questão 63

Questão
In calling sports decisions, umpires and referees rarely change their decisions as a result of a player's objection. This may be an example of how
Responda
  • status produces psychological reactance
  • a we-they feeling has evolved between professional sports players and officials
  • the umpire or referee seeks to maintain emotional distance from players
  • public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence

Questão 64

Questão
Bearman and Brueckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-until-marriage pledge became _______ likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge
Responda
  • somewhat less
  • somewhat more
  • extremely less
  • extremely more

Questão 65

Questão
Bearman and Brueckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-until-marriage pledge became somewhat more likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge. This is an example of how
Responda
  • status produces psychological reactance
  • a we-they feeling has evolved between professional sports players and officials
  • the teen seeks to maintain emotional distance from would-be sexual partners
  • public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence

Questão 66

Questão
Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain their acceptance, is called
Responda
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Questão 67

Questão
Conformity that occurs when people accept evidence about reality that is provided by other people is called
Responda
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Questão 68

Questão
When we go along with the crowd and act counter to our own beliefs and values, we are conforming because of
Responda
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Questão 69

Questão
Although he made a promise to himself to not take illegal drugs, Tom gave into peer pressure at a party to smoke marijuana because he did not want to be rejected by the others. Tom's conformity is a result of
Responda
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Questão 70

Questão
Conformity is greater when people respond publicly before a group. This pattern reflects
Responda
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Questão 71

Questão
Conformity is greater when people feel incompetent. This pattern reflects
Responda
  • compliance
  • acceptance
  • normative influence
  • informational influence

Questão 72

Questão
Which of the following is NOT an example of informational influence?
Responda
  • when participants feel incompetent
  • when the task is difficult
  • when subjects are bilingual
  • when people care about being right

Questão 73

Questão
According to the text, personality predicts behavior when social influences are
Responda
  • obvious
  • covert
  • strong
  • weak

Questão 74

Questão
The degree to which personality predicts our behavior is _______ related to the degree to which social influences predict our behavior
Responda
  • positively
  • negatively
  • somewhat
  • not at all

Questão 75

Questão
Researchers have explored several areas in search of the factors affecting conformity. Which of the following is one of those areas?
Responda
  • religion
  • personality
  • sexual orientation
  • race

Questão 76

Questão
When the influence of the situation is _______, the consequent behavior is more likely to be a result of _______
Responda
  • weak; individual personalities
  • weak; external circumstances
  • strong; internal forces
  • strong; dispositions

Questão 77

Questão
Which of the following statements about cross-cultural research on conformity is true?
Responda
  • Findings using the Asch procedure have found similar conformity rates in most countries, except among the Bantu of Zimbabwe, a tribe with strong sanctions against nonconformity
  • When Milgram compared the conformity of French and Norwegian students, the French consistently conformed more
  • Recent conformity studies in Britain, Canada, and the United States have indicated much more conformity than was observed two or three decades ago
  • Conformity rates vary widely among European countries

Questão 78

Questão
Which of the following statements is TRUE of conformity and obedience?
Responda
  • They are primarily collectivistic phenomena
  • They are primarily individualistic phenomena
  • They are universal phenomena that vary by culture
  • They are universal phenomena that are uninfluenced by culture

Questão 79

Questão
Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are
Responda
  • more likely to express psychological reactance
  • more responsive to others' influence
  • more susceptible to the fundamental attribution error
  • more likely to be independent

Questão 80

Questão
Compared to Euro-American cultures, Asian cultures are more likely to teach their children
Responda
  • independence
  • collectivism
  • to follow their own conscience
  • . to respect another's privacy

Questão 81

Questão
. A social role is
Responda
  • a cluster of norms
  • separate from culture
  • a weak influence on conformity
  • . a role that feels awkward

Questão 82

Questão
When Regina returned to the U.S. after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was experiencing
Responda
  • normative social influence
  • reentry distress
  • psychological reactance
  • anti-conformity

Questão 83

Questão
High school students Aisha and Jared have been dating each other casually. When Aisha parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Aisha announces that she and Jared are actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Aisha's behavior most likely illustrates the effects of
Responda
  • the false uniqueness effect
  • the fundamental attribution error
  • the self-serving bias
  • psychological reactance

Questão 84

Questão
Knowing that someone is trying to coerce you may prompt you to do the opposite of that person's wishes. This response is predicted by
Responda
  • the reactance theory
  • the theory of normative social influence
  • Milgram's theory of obedience
  • the social norms theory

Questão 85

Questão
The high rate of underage drinking may be related to
Responda
  • social roles
  • psychological reactance
  • a drive for uniqueness
  • informational influences

Questão 86

Questão
The names we choose for our children often express our
Responda
  • social roles
  • desire for uniqueness
  • self concept
  • reaction formation

Questão 87

Questão
Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of
Responda
  • reaction formation
  • regression
  • psychological reactance
  • self-serving bias

Questão 88

Questão
Research in both the United States and Canada revealed that the percentage of those who reported having been drunk in the last year was _______ for those over the legal drinking age than for those under the legal drinking age
Responda
  • slightly higher
  • lower
  • the same
  • significantly higher

Questão 89

Questão
Research in both the United States and Canada revealed that the percentage of those who reported having been drunk in the last year was lower for those over the legal drinking age than for those under the legal drinking age. This exemplifies which of the following concepts?
Responda
  • reaction formation
  • regression
  • psychological reactance
  • the self-serving bias

Questão 90

Questão
the self-serving bias
Responda
  • black
  • female
  • a lawyer
  • in a group

Questão 91

Questão
The motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as
Responda
  • rebellion
  • disobedience
  • resistance
  • reactance

Questão 92

Questão
The psychological reactance theory may help explain why
Responda
  • drinking on campus is heavier for underage drinkers than for legal-age drinkers.
  • a toddler, ignoring a toy, protests and demands the toy back when a playmate begins to play with it
  • the demand for and value placed on an object is greater when the object is perceived to be rare or hard to get
  • All of the choices are correct

Questão 93

Questão
In a study by Snyder (1980), students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students _______ when they participated in a conformity experiment
Responda
  • were judged most attractive by their fellow participants
  • were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause
  • took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority
  • asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

Questão 94

Questão
A study conducted by Snyder and Fromkin (1980) revealed that people feel better when they see themselves as
Responda
  • very unique
  • moderately unique
  • not at all unique
  • collectivistic

Questão 95

Questão
When William McGuire and his Yale University colleagues invited children to "tell us about yourself," they found that the children were most likely to mention their gender
Responda
  • gender
  • nationality
  • distinctive attributes
  • most common personal characteristics

Questão 96

Questão
Rivalry between groups is often most intense when the groups
Responda
  • closely resemble each other
  • share a common goal
  • are very different
  • are of different ethnic groups

Questão 97

Questão
According to Myers, an unchallenged assumption in individualistic Western nations is that _______ is good and _______ is bad
Responda
  • uniqueness; similarity
  • similarity; uniqueness
  • individualism; conformity
  • conformity; individualism

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