3559787
Descrição
Quiz por Jack Milton, atualizado more than 1 year ago
|
Criado por Jack Milton
mais de 8 anos atrás
|
|
Questão 1
Questão
Systematic Reviews are rated as the ‘highest level of evidence’ in the evidence hierarchy pyramid.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 2
Questão
The Cochrane Library is a database of systematic reviews and meta-‐analyses.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 3
Questão
Using one database to search for information is best as this ensures you don’t mix your results.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 4
Questão
PubMed only provides abstracts which are useful to then search for relevant studies elsewhere.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 5
Questão
Common Boolean logic terms consist of AND, WITH & OR
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 6
Questão
There is no need to read the whole article because abstracts provide a complete summary of the content within.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 7
Questão
Searching different databases with the same terms provides the same results.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 8
Questão
Because they are often conducted with blinding, Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) provide the highest level of evidence. Because of this, using the filter to restrict results to only show RCTs provides you with the best evidence.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 9
Questão
The use of the ‘OR’ operator narrows the amount of titles found.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 10
Questão
‘Exploding’ a heading removes that heading from the search results.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 11
Questão
MeSH terms are not always picked up when entered, so it is important to check and see that relevant items are being included.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 12
Questão
PICO is the most reliable format for conducting a search as it highlights the keywords that can be entered into databases.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 13
Questão
Before using a database, it is a good idea to research the terms to find possible synonyms.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 14
Questão
Before using a database, it is a good idea to research the terms to find possible synonyms.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 15
Questão
The Cochrane Library provides access to Cochrane Systematics Reviews and to other forms of literature.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 16
Questão
The library subscriptions provide access to more full text articles so logging in furthers your reach for finding good evidence.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 17
Questão
Databases are a tool for finding information, but it is important to familiarise yourself with different databases to make searching as efficient as possible.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 18
Questão
Using MeSH terms searches for like-terms and increases the chances that important research is captured.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 19
Questão
Having a systematic approach to searching for evidence is a good way to ensure that you are not overwhelmed with information.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 20
Questão
P values provide clinicians and patients with the information they most need.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 21
Questão
Clinicians do not need to use confidence intervals to properly use research results in decision making processes.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 22
Questão
Narrow Confidence intervals result from a large sample size and events which provide, a definitive conclusion about recommending therapy.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 23
Questão
Statistical significance questions whether confidence intervals exclude the null value.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 24
Questão
Statistical significance is used to inform clinical significance.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 25
Questão
Treatments becomes clinically significant because the difference between treatments is statistically significant.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 26
Questão
Clinical significance can be inferred from statistical significance if P value is ≥0.05
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 27
Questão
The P value measures the strength of the evidence that supports the null hypothesis.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 28
Questão
Clinical significance asks whether any of the values in the confidence interval are big enough to care about
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 29
Questão
Huge samples create a more accurate P value.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 30
Questão
P values are a tool for separating real effects from chance.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 31
Questão
For studies with a negative result, clinicians should examine the lower boundary of the confidence interval.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 32
Questão
To determine if the sample size in a study is inadequate, you examine the lower boundary of the confidence interval.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 33
Questão
If the confidence interval overlaps the smallest treatment benefit, the study is not definitive and a larger study is needed.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 34
Questão
P values ≤ 0.05 indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis with 95% certainty.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 35
Questão
P values ≥0.05 indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis with 95% certainty.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 36
Questão
Primary sources are the best source of information to use when conduction a search.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 37
Questão
The PICO format is best technique used in evidenced based medicine to frame and answer for a clinical question.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 38
Questão
Wikipedia is one of these best databases to use.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 39
Questão
Combining searches is an effective way at finding relevant information to a clinical question.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 40
Questão
When searching a database filters narrow the search to clinically important articles.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 41
Questão
Databases allow you to choose which article types you want to search for.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 42
Questão
When searching PubMed with a single term into the search box it automatically carries out both a textword and thesaurus search.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 43
Questão
When having found a useful article in PubMed there is a related hyperlink that searches for similar items within the database.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 44
Questão
Medline is the leading resource for systemic reviews.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 45
Questão
The Cochrane library has a wide range of study types
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 46
Questão
The best way to search a database is to type in your complete question
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 47
Questão
When searching PubMed, the researcher must enter in all related terms as there is no textword or thesaurus search function
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 48
Questão
The P in PICO stands for population/patient.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 49
Questão
Databases like PubMed, Medline and CINAHL allow you to search for studies within specific years.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 50
Questão
A good literature search shouldn’t include unpublished work and studies with negative findings.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 51
Questão
You only have to use 1 database when trying to answer a clinical question.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 52
Questão
Confidence intervals are the range within which the true treatment effect might plausibly lie, when given the trial data.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 53
Questão
In regards to confidence intervals, greater precision results from smaller sample sizes and small numbers of events.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 54
Questão
When clinicians are trying to determine whether a trial with a positive effect is sufficiently large, they should focus on the upper boundary of the confidence interval.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 55
Questão
A P value of equal to or less than 0.05 tells us that we can rule out the null effect/hypothesis with 95% certainty.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 56
Questão
P values are not usually helpful for studies with large sample sizes.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 57
Questão
Clinical significance asks whether any of the values in the confidence interval are big enough to care about.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 58
Questão
Statistical significance can be inferred from clinical significance.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 59
Questão
If the statistical power of a study is increased, the sample size is also increased.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 60
Questão
The “Number-needed-to-treat” is an estimation of the number of patients that need to be treated in order to have an impact on one person.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 61
Questão
Big sample sizes in trials means that small discrepancies will go undetected.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 62
Questão
The Pearson correlation coefficient is a measure of strength of the association between 3 variables.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 63
Questão
Differences in treatment groups less than the smallest effect of clinical interest are more like to be found statistically significant when the sample size is increased.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 64
Questão
Is it important for clinicians to think about the smallest amount of benefit that would justify therapy when examining a new study?
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 65
Questão
In some cases, outcomes of a study and research may not be considered significant by the patients, especially if the new/changed intervention involves a considerable amount of time and effort on their behalf.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 66
Questão
When calculating the sample size in clinical trials, the minimum power usually recommended to have is 70% or above.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 67
Questão
Whenever an effect is insignificant, all values within the confidence interval will be on the same side of zero.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 68
Questão
Case reports are high quality literature, according to most levels of evidence
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 69
Questão
It is not important for a researcher or clinician to know the difference between levels of evidence
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 70
Questão
Clinical trials are always the best type of study design in medical experiments
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 71
Questão
Exposure to confounding variables does not increase the potential risk of bias in a study design
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 72
Questão
Systematic reviews are often unreliable sources of information and should not be relied upon for clinical decision making
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 73
Questão
A researcher does not need to consider which study design is the most appropriate to answer their question when planning their investigation
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 74
Questão
Sources of evidence higher on the hierarchy of evidence usually only investigate small populations of patients for a particular outcome
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 75
Questão
Those sources higher up on the hierarchy of evidence are always superior to those below them
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 76
Questão
Levels of evidence are a method of grading literature quality
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 77
Questão
Debate exists about the rigidity of the hierarchy of evidence
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 78
Questão
Different levels of evidence are appropriate for use depending on the setting and intended audience involved
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 79
Questão
Each study design must be considered for its own strengths and weaknesses prior to selection
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 80
Questão
Several models exist for the hierarchy of evidence
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 81
Questão
Expert opinions are considered to be poorer quality evidence, according to most hierarchies
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 82
Questão
The design of a study affects its position on the hierarchy of evidence
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 83
Questão
The term 'levels of evidence' was first used and described within a 1979 report by the Canadian Health Task Force on Periodic Health Examination
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 84
Questão
CINAHL stands for ‘Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature’.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 85
Questão
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are the most reliable forms of evidence.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 86
Questão
Randomised controlled trials are the best form of evidence in non-synthesised medical information.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 87
Questão
Expert opinion has a lot of bias and is therefore located at the bottom of the hierarchy of evidence.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 88
Questão
Studies that limit bias to a greater extent are considered to be better sources of evidence compared to those which don’t.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 89
Questão
Randomised control trials aren't always practical or feasible.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 90
Questão
A randomised control study in which participants and researchers are blinded gives a higher level of evidence and is a more reliable source.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 91
Questão
Cochrane Reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in the health industry and are recognised as the highest standard and most reliable of sources in evidence-based health care resources.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 92
Questão
Clinical trials and cohort studies are more reliable sources than expert opinion.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 93
Questão
Double blinding lowers a sources evidence strength.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 94
Questão
Randomising participants in a randomised control study makes the study less reliable as a source.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 95
Questão
The levels of evidence hierarchy is very rigid and studies which are higher on the hierarchy are always better than those which are lower.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 96
Questão
Meta-analyses tend to have more bias than cohort studies.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 97
Questão
Meta-analyses tend to have more bias than case studies.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 98
Questão
Study design has no effect on a studies’ evidence strength.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 99
Questão
Expert opinion is the most reliable form of evidence.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 100
Questão
There are more meta-analyses available than there are randomised control studies.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 101
Questão
Systematic Reviews are rated as the ‘highest level of evidence’ in the evidence hierarchy pyramid.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 102
Questão
The Cochrane Library is a database of systematic reviews and meta-‐analyses.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 103
Questão
CINAHL stands for ‘ Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature’.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 104
Questão
The ‘C’ term within ‘PICO’ stands for comparison.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 105
Questão
The TRIP database has a ‘PICO’ search option, which allows users to create a structured clinical question.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 106
Questão
To conduct a comprehensive search more than one database should be used.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 107
Questão
The ‘wildcard’ symbol can be used to find words with the same stem in order to increase the scope of successful searching.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 108
Questão
‘MeSH’ is an indexing feature that stands for Medical Subject Headings.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 109
Questão
‘AND’, ‘ OR’ and ‘NOT’ are terms that should never be used while searching medical databases
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 110
Questão
It is often only necessary to use one database, as they are all linked and have the same results.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 111
Questão
Cohort studies are rated as the ‘highest level of evidence’ in the evidence hierarchy
pyramid.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 112
Questão
Randomized Control Trials often provide unreliable evidence and should be overlooked when conducting searches.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 113
Questão
It is always necessary to have a comparison when conducting a ‘PICO’ search.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 114
Questão
Conducting a thorough search should only take around half an hour.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 115
Questão
‘MeSH’ is the abbreviation for methanethiol and is irrelevant to the field of evidence-‐based medicine.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 116
Questão
Online databases are updated infrequently and as a result textbooks are often more reliable when searching for examples.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 117
Questão
The P in PICO stands for Patient.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 118
Questão
In PICO the outcome is the end point of interest to you or your patient.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 119
Questão
In PICO the comparison is the intervention against which the intervention is measured
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 120
Questão
A fifth element time is often added to the PICO list.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 121
Questão
5. The strongest design for evaluation of a clinical question is a systematic review of multiple randomised clinical trials.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 122
Questão
6. You can further filter your search by language, year, or age group.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 123
Questão
7. Choosing the right key words and search strategy and using appropriate databases are essential starting points. 8. Advanced searching includes the use of the medical subject headings thesaurus and other strategies to refine and focus the search.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 124
Questão
What matters to the practitioner are the most important outcomes.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 125
Questão
PICO stands for Patient, Interaction, Comparison and Outcome.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 126
Questão
PubMed is not a credible source when researching an article.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 127
Questão
Using Mesh headings are irrelevant to the search strategy.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 128
Questão
CINAHL is not useful when studying nursing as a prime database.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 129
Questão
Having the same search strategy across databases is not necessary.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 130
Questão
Endnote is a good database when looking for a systematic review.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 131
Questão
When searching for a article filters are unnecessary and time consuming.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 132
Questão
The database for nursing and allied health studies is called CINAHL.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 133
Questão
The outcome in the ‘P I C O’ principle refers to patient-‐relevant consequences of the intervention.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 134
Questão
The AND operator is used when you wish to recall those records containing both search terms.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 135
Questão
The intervention in the ‘P I C O’ principle refers to the management strategy of interest.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 136
Questão
Medical subject headings (MeSH terms) are a controlled vocabulary device used by the National Library of Medicine to cross-‐reference every Medline article.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 137
Questão
The OR operator is used when at least one of the terms must appear in the record, broadening the search and increasing the number of citations received.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 138
Questão
The wildcard symbol can be used to find all of the words with the same stem.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 139
Questão
Boolean instructions, such as AND, OR, and NOT, operate within most databases and must be typed in upper case.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 140
Questão
Finding all relevant studies that have addressed a single question is an easy task.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 141
Questão
The NOT operator is used to retrieve records containing both search terms.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 142
Questão
PubMed does not retain previous search results on the ‘history’ function on the features bar.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 143
Questão
Additional terms cannot be added to an existing search, and therefore multiple searches cannot be combined.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 144
Questão
The population in the ‘P I C O’ principle refers to the total population in the patient’s household.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 145
Questão
The abstract must not be used as a ‘starting point’ to assist the reader in determining the relevance of the study.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 146
Questão
All research questions must contain the comparison component of the ‘P I C O’ principle.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 147
Questão
There is no database for psychological studies.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 148
Questão
Statistical significance tells us how confident we can be when an effect of an intervention is true/real.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 149
Questão
Statistical significance does not tell us if the impact is large enough to be implemented.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 150
Questão
Statistical significance is a mathematical phenomenon.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 151
Questão
Statistical significance depends on sample size, precision of data and effect size.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 152
Questão
Statistical significance looks at the 95% confidence interval.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 153
Questão
p values and confidence intervals (CI) are the most commonly used measures of statistical significance.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 154
Questão
If a small effect size is found, the treatment may not be clinically important.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 155
Questão
The null hypothesis is the basis for formal testing of statistical significance
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 156
Questão
Clinical significance does not measure how large the differences in treatment effects in clinical practice.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 157
Questão
The 35% CI is used to measure statistical significance.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 158
Questão
If the sample size is large, the clinical significance will always be large.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 159
Questão
The higher the statistical significance the higher the clinical outcome.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 160
Questão
Clinical significance is not of importance to a treatment effect.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 161
Questão
Statistical significance equates to clinical usefulness.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 162
Questão
To be clinically useful, the therapy must do more harm than good.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 163
Questão
If a hazard ratio is less than 1,it is not statistically significant.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 164
Questão
When a sample size is large, differences that are minute can be detected.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 165
Questão
When judging clinical significance 95% confidence intervals should be considered over p-‐ values for large sample sizes.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 166
Questão
Clinical significant results make enough of a difference to change the method of practice.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 167
Questão
Clinical significance is judging whether the values in the confidence intervals are large enough to care about.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 168
Questão
When studies have very large sample sizes, p-‐values can be considered almost obsolete.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 169
Questão
Any effect no matter how small, can be seen as statistically significant if the sample size is large enough.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 170
Questão
A clinician should decide that the study was large enough and the confidence intervals were small enough to warrant clinical significance.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 171
Questão
To determine whether a positive result is clinically significant, the lower boundary of the confidence interval should be looked at.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 172
Questão
When a p-‐value is <0.05 the result is considered clinically significant.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 173
Questão
A clinical board must reach a unanimous decision to define a result as clinically significant.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 174
Questão
Statistical significance shows whether confidence intervals include the null value.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 175
Questão
Statistical p-‐values are most helpful for finding clinical significance, when looking at huge sample sizes.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 176
Questão
The larger a sample size is the wider a confidence interval becomes, reducing the relevance of statistical significance.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 177
Questão
P-‐values depend on the overall sample size, proving clinical significance with large enough numbers.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 178
Questão
As huge studies become more prevalent, the difference between clinical significance and statistically significance are becoming irreverent.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 179
Questão
Thresholds which patients would consider important in terms of treatment, can not define whether a result is clinically significant.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 180
Questão
RCT’s are not always practical. This may be due to ethical issues.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 181
Questão
An example of a retrospective study design is a case-‐control study.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 182
Questão
The hierarchy of evidence provides a guide towards categorising clinical research.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 183
Questão
Studies that limit bias to the greatest extent are higher levels of evidence.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 184
Questão
The first step in assessing the validity of a research study is to determine study design.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 185
Questão
A systematic review would be an effective trial design to research which NSAID is the least likely to cause a heart attack.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 186
Questão
Strengths of case reports and case series study designs are that they are cheap and relatively easy do with existing medical records.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 187
Questão
A limitation when using a cohort study design for rare diseases may be that there are not enough patients to be statistically or clinically significant.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 188
Questão
RCT’s are generally very inexpensive study designs.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 189
Questão
Expert opinion is a higher level of evidence than a case report.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 190
Questão
The strength of a case-‐control study design is that you can study a number of diseases and outcomes at any given time.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 191
Questão
Cohort studies are not ideal for etiology, harm or prognosis.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 192
Questão
Using the term 'safe' to a consumer is preferred rather than using the term 'low risk' as it gives consumer 100% confidence.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 193
Questão
It is not appropriate to ask a patient if there is a particular side effect they are concerned about, always list every possible side effect.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 194
Questão
Clinical trials never involve human experiments.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 195
Questão
Case reports, case series and cross-‐sectional studies are all longitudinal studies.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 196
Questão
Systematic reviews is used as a stronger evidence as compared to the expert opinions.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 197
Questão
All health professionals should use appropriate language for communication that is understandable to all level of patients.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 198
Questão
Visual demonstration is the convenient way to convey the health message across the patients with poor literacy level.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 199
Questão
It is the responsibility of the health care provider to provide the effective treatment to the patient.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 200
Questão
Strong research method will not only help to get the better outcomes but it also prevent from getting the misleading result, which might be harmful for the patient.
Responda
- True
- False
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