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USA - Pharmacology - Vocab

Description

Units 1-4 (plan to add 5-8, as we get to them).
Ben Williams
Quiz by Ben Williams, updated more than 1 year ago
Ben Williams
Created by Ben Williams over 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
A drug name that is derived from the specific chemical structure of the compound. This name is not used clinically but is shortened in some way to form the drug’s more common name.
Answer
  • Chemical name
  • Generic name
  • Nonproprietary name
  • Trade name

Question 2

Question
The name applied to a drug, which is not protected by a trademark. Usually a shortened version of the drug's chemical name.
Answer
  • Generic Name
  • Trade Name
  • Proprietary Name

Question 3

Question
The name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical company; it is protected by a trademark and used by the company for marketing the drug
Answer
  • Trade Name
  • Chemical Name
  • Generic Name

Question 4

Question
Drugs designated by the federal government as having increased potential for abuse and illegal use. These substances are grouped into five categories (schedules), with schedule I substances having the highest abuse potential and schedule V substances having a relatively low potential for abuse.
Answer
  • Controlled Substances
  • Orphan Drugs
  • Over-the-counter drugs (OTC)

Question 5

Question
The relationship between incremental doses of a drug and the magnitude of the reaction that those doses will cause.
Answer
  • Dose-response curve
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Therapeutic index (TI)

Question 6

Question
The drug dose that produces a specific therapeutic response in 50 percent of the patients in whom it is tested.
Answer
  • Median effective dose (ED50)
  • Median lethal dose (LD50)
  • Median toxic dose (TD50)

Question 7

Question
The drug dose that causes death in 50 percent of the experimental animals in which it is tested.
Answer
  • Median effective dose (ED50)
  • Median lethal dose (LD50)
  • Median toxic dose (TD50

Question 8

Question
The drug dose that produces a specific adverse response in 50 percent of the patients in whom it is tested.
Answer
  • Median effective dose (ED50)
  • Median lethal dose (LD50)
  • Median toxic dose (TD50)

Question 9

Question
A drug is prescribed to treat conditions other than those approved by the FDA.
Answer
  • Off-label prescribing
  • Over-the-counter drugs (OTC)
  • Orphan drugs
  • Pharmacodynamics

Question 10

Question
Drugs that are designed and approved to treat rare diseases. Because these drugs are only used in a small patient population (usually less than 200,000 people), financial and other incentives are often provided by various sources to encourage a drug company to develop and market the drug.
Answer
  • Orphan drugs
  • Over-the-counter drugs (OTC)
  • Prescription Drugs
  • Controlled substances

Question 11

Question
The study of how drugs affect the body—that is, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of drug action
Answer
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 12

Question
The study of the how genetic variability can influence drug responses and metabolism.
Answer
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 13

Question
The study of how the body handles drugs—that is, the manner in which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.
Answer
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 14

Question
The study of how drugs are used in the prevention and treatment of disease.
Answer
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 15

Question
Therapeutic index (TI)
Answer
  • A ratio used to represent the relative safety of a particular drug; the larger the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. It is calculated as the median toxic dose divided by the median effective dose.
  • A ratio used to represent the relative safety of a particular drug; the smaller the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. It is calculated as the median effective dose divided by the median toxic dose.
  • A ratio used to represent the relative safety of a particular drug; the smaller the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. It is calculated as the median toxic dose divided by the median effective dose.
  • A ratio used to represent the relative safety of a particular drug; the larger the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. It is calculated as the median effective dose divided by the median toxic dose.

Question 16

Question
The extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation following administration by various routes.
Answer
  • Bioavailability
  • First-pass effect
  • Second-pass effect
  • Systemic Effect

Question 17

Question
Buccal
Answer
  • Referring to the cheek
  • Referring to the chin
  • Referring to the tonque
  • Referring to the buccus

Question 18

Question
Administration of drugs by way of the alimentary canal.
Answer
  • Enteral administration
  • Alimentary administration
  • Parentral administration
  • Intrathecal administration

Question 19

Question
The phenomenon in which drugs absorbed from the stomach and small intestine must pass through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. Certain drugs undergo extensive hepatic metabolism because of their trip through the liver.
Answer
  • First-pass effect
  • Liver effect
  • Bioavailability

Question 20

Question
Administration of substances within a sheath; typically refers to injection into the sub-arachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord.
Answer
  • Intrathecal Administration
  • Parenteral administration
  • Enteral administration
  • Sublingual administration

Question 21

Question
Administration of drugs by routes other than via the alimentary canal: by injection, transdermally, topically, and so on.
Answer
  • Parenteral administration
  • Intrathecal administration
  • Sublingual administration
  • Enteral administration

Question 22

Question
Drugs administered under the tongue and are absorbed into the systemic circulation via the venous drainage.
Answer
  • Sublingual administration
  • Parenteral administration
  • Enteral administration
  • Intrathecal administration

Question 23

Question
A ratio used to estimate the distribution of a drug within the body relative to the total amount of fluid in the body. It is calculated as the amount of drug administered divided by the plasma concentration of the drug.
Answer
  • Volume of distribution
  • Potency
  • Bioavailability

Question 24

Question
A series of enzymes located on the smooth endo-plasmic reticulum that are important in catalyzing drug biotransformation.
Answer
  • Drug microsomal metabolizing system
  • Proton Pump
  • Metabolites

Question 25

Question
Biochemical changes that occur to the drug within the body, usually resulting in the breakdown and inactivation of the drug
Answer
  • Biotransformation
  • Half-Life
  • Clearance

Question 26

Question
The process by which the active form of the drug is removed from the bloodstream by either metabolism or excretion.
Answer
  • Clearance
  • Biotransformation
  • Half-life

Question 27

Question
An enzyme located on the inner surface of many cell membranes; it is important in mediating biochemical changes in the cell in response to drug and hormone stimulation
Answer
  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Question 28

Question
A drug that binds to a receptor and causes some change in cell function
Answer
  • Agonist
  • Antagonist

Question 29

Question
A drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause a change in cell activity
Answer
  • Agonist
  • Antagonist

Question 30

Question
Substances that bind to a cell receptor and alter the receptor’s affinity for specific drugs
Answer
  • Allosteric modulators
  • G proteins
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulators

Question 31

Question
The ring-shaped conformation of adenosine monophosphate, which is important in acting as a second messenger in mediating the intracellular response to drug stimulation.
Answer
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Question 32

Question
A brief and transient decrease in the responsiveness of cellular receptors to drug effects.
Answer
  • Desensitization
  • Down-regulation

Question 33

Question
A prolonged decrease in the number and/or sensitivity of drug receptors, usually occurring as a compensatory response to over stimulation of the receptor.
Answer
  • Desensitization
  • Down-regulation

Question 34

Question
An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord.
Answer
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Question 35

Question
Bind with guanine nucleotides and regulate cell activity. They often serve as a link between surface receptors and ion channels or intracellular enzymes such as adenylate cyclase.
Answer
  • G proteins
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulators
  • Allosteric modulators

Question 36

Question
A drug that activates estrogen receptors on bone and vascular tissues, while blocking estrogen receptors on breast and uterine tissues. These drugs can be used to enhance bone mineralization and to prevent certain cancers.
Answer
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • Adenylate cyclase

Question 37

Question
A neurotransmitter in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Principal synapses using this neurotransmitter include the skeletal neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, and certain pathways in the brain.
Answer
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Question 38

Question
A neurotransmitter that is important in certain brain pathways and in the terminal synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.
Answer
  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Question 39

Question
A steroid (mineralocorticoid) hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that acts on the kidney to increase sodium reabsorption, thereby retaining sodium in the body.
Answer
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Question 40

Question
A neurotransmitter located in the central nervous system (CNS) that is important in motor control and in certain aspects of behavior. The presence of endogenous or exogenous ______ in the periphery also affects cardiovascular function.
Answer
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Question 41

Question
An enzyme that breaks down phosphodiester bonds in organic compounds. They are important clinically because they break down second messengers such as cyclic AMP, and drugs that inhibit these enzymes prolong the effects of cyclic AMP in the lungs and other tissues.
Answer
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Question 42

Question
Refers to synapses or physiological responses involving epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Answer
  • Adrenergic
  • Cholinergic
  • Inotropic

Question 43

Question
Refers to synapses or physiological responses involving acetylcholine.
Answer
  • Adrenergic
  • Cholinergic
  • Inotropic

Question 44

Question
Refers to a substance that increases muscular contraction force (positive ____) or decreases contraction force (negative _____). Certain cardiac drugs are considered positive _____ because they increase the force of cardiac contractions.
Answer
  • Inotropic
  • Adrenergic
  • Cholinergic

Question 45

Question
Drugs that decrease activity at acetylcholine synapses. These agents are often used to diminish activity in the parasympathetic nervous system.
Answer
  • Anticholinergics
  • Sympatholytics
  • Anticoagulants
  • Fibrinolytics

Question 46

Question
Drugs that inhibit or antagonize function within the sympathetic nervous system.
Answer
  • Parasympatholytic
  • Sympatholytics
  • Anticoagulants
  • Fibrinolytics
  • Anticholinergics

Question 47

Question
Drugs that decrease the blood’s capacity to coagulate (clot).
Answer
  • Anticoagulants
  • Anticholinergics
  • Sympatholytics
  • Fibrinolytics

Question 48

Question
Drugs which facilitate the breakdown and dissolution of clots that have already formed. These drugs work by converting plasminogen (profibrinolysin) to plasmin (fibrinolysin).
Answer
  • Fibrinolytics
  • Anticoagulants
  • Sympatholytics
  • Anticholinergics

Question 49

Question
The clinical syndrome of bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability associated with neurotransmitter abnormalities within the basal ganglia.
Answer
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Question 50

Question
A condition characterized by insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
Answer
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Question 51

Question
Severe pain and constriction in the chest region, usually associated with myocardial ischemia.
Answer
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Question 52

Question
A clinical syndrome of cardiac disease that is marked by decreased myocardial contractility, peripheral edema, shortness of breath, and decreased tolerance for physical exertion.
Answer
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Question 53

Question
A hereditary disease in which an individual is unable to synthesize adequate amounts of a specific clotting factor.
Answer
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Question 54

Question
A sudden fall in blood pressure that occurs when the patient stands erect; this is a frequent side effect of many medications.
Answer
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hypertension
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hemostasis
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Thrombus

Question 55

Question
A pathological condition characterized by a sustained, reproducible increase in blood pressure.
Answer
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hypertension
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hemostasis
  • Thrombus
  • Hyperlipidemia

Question 56

Question
A significant deviation from normal cardiac rhythm that results in a heart rate that is slower or faster than normal, or irregular.
Answer
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hypertension
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hemostasis
  • Thrombus
  • Hyperlipidemia

Question 57

Question
The process of preventing blood loss from the circulation following injury to blood vessels.
Answer
  • Hemostasis
  • Thrombus
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hypertension
  • Orthostatic hypotension

Question 58

Question
A blood clot formed by the activation of fibrin and platelets
Answer
  • Arrhythmia
  • Thrombus
  • Hemostasis

Question 59

Question
A chronic and excessive increase in plasma lipids in the blood.
Answer
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hemostasis
  • Hypertension
  • Arrhythmia

Question 60

Question
A protein produced in the brain that helps sustain neuronal activity and growth. It may be important in mediating the effects of antidepressants and other CNS drugs.
Answer
  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
  • G-Protein

Question 61

Question
An enzyme that degrades levodopa to an inactive metabolite in the bloodstream and other tissues. Certain drugs (e.g. carbidopa) can protect levodopa so that it is not degraded prematurely in patients with Parkinson disease.
Answer
  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
  • Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
  • Acetylcholinesterase
  • Levodotransferase

Question 62

Question
A feeling of extreme motor restlessness and an inability to sit still; may occur because of antipsychotic drug therapy.
Answer
  • Akathisia
  • Dyskinesia
  • Tardive dyskinesia
  • Epilepsy

Question 63

Question
An involuntary movement ranging from minor tremors and tics to severe uncoordinated movements of the trunk and extremities. These involuntary movements are associated with certain movement disorders and can also be a side effect of specific medications, such as antiparkinson drugs and antipsychotic medications.
Answer
  • Dyskinesia
  • Akathisia
  • Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Epilepsy

Question 64

Question
A movement disorder characterized by involuntary, fragmented movements of the mouth, face, and jaw (i.e., chewing, sucking, tongue protrusion, etc.). This disorder may occur during the prolonged administration of antipsychotic drugs.
Answer
  • Akathisia
  • Dyskinesia
  • Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Epilepsy

Question 65

Question
A chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that are manifested as brief periods of altered consciousness, involuntary motor activity, or vivid sensory phenomena.
Answer
  • Akathisia
  • Epilepsy
  • Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Dyskinesia

Question 66

Question
A term frequently used to describe antipsychotic drugs, referring to the tendency of these drugs to produce a behavioral syndrome of apathy, sedation, decreased initiative, and decreased responsiveness.
Answer
  • Neuroleptic
  • Anticholinergic
  • Sedative
  • Anxiolytic

Question 67

Question
Drugs that decrease activity at acetylcholine synapses. These agents are often used to diminish activity in the parasympathetic nervous system.
Answer
  • Anticholinergics
  • Sympatholytic
  • Anxiolytic
  • Neuroleptic

Question 68

Question
Period of several days to several weeks in which medications are withdrawn from the patient to allow recovery from drug tolerance or toxicity; sometimes used in patients with advanced cases of Parkinson disease.
Answer
  • Drug Holiday
  • End-of-dose Akinesia
  • On-Off Phenomenon

Question 69

Question
A phenomenon in Parkinson disease in which the effectiveness of the medication wears off toward the end of the dosing interval, resulting in a virtual lack of volitional movement from the patient.
Answer
  • End-of-dose akinesia
  • On-off phenomenon
  • Withdrawal

Question 70

Question
The fluctuation in response seen in certain patients with Parkinson disease, in which the effectiveness of medications may suddenly diminish at some point between dosages.
Answer
  • On-off phenomenon
  • End-of-dose akinesia
  • Withdrawal
  • Pseudo-Parkinsonism

Question 71

Question
Administration of local anesthesia into the spinal canal between the bony vertebral column and the dura mater.
Answer
  • Epidural nerve block
  • Spinal nerve block

Question 72

Question
Administration of local anesthesia into the spinal canal between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater (i.e., the subarachnoid space).
Answer
  • Spinal nerve block
  • Epidural nerve block

Question 73

Question
Type of chemical linkage found in some local anesthetics involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (-NH-CO-)
Answer
  • Amide
  • Ester

Question 74

Question
Type of chemical linkage found in some local anesthetics involving carbon and oxygen (-CO-O-)
Answer
  • Ester
  • Amide
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