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AP Bio Chapter 7

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Quiz on AP Bio Chapter 7, created by Brooke Nyenhuis on 20/01/2018.
Brooke Nyenhuis
Quiz by Brooke Nyenhuis, updated more than 1 year ago
Brooke Nyenhuis
Created by Brooke Nyenhuis almost 8 years ago
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Question 1

Question
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
Answer
  • anabolic pathways
  • catabolic pathways
  • fermentation pathways
  • thermodynamic pathways
  • bioenergetic pathways

Question 2

Question
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction
Answer
  • gains electrons and gains energy.
  • loses electrons and loses energy.
  • gains electrons and loses energy.
  • loses electrons and gains energy.
  • neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses energy.

Question 3

Question
When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes
Answer
  • hydrogenated.
  • oxidized.
  • reduced.
  • redoxed.
  • a reducing agent.

Question 4

Question
Where does glycolysis takes place?
Answer
  • mitochondrial matrix
  • mitochondrial outer membrane
  • mitochondrial inner membrane
  • mitochondrial intermembrane space
  • cytosol

Question 5

Question
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
Answer
  • substrate-level phosphorylation.
  • electron transport
  • photophosphorylation.
  • chemiosmosis.
  • oxidation of NADH to NAD+.

Question 6

Question
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
Answer
  • glycolysis
  • accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
  • the citric acid cycle
  • the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
  • the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 7

Question
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
Answer
  • electron transport
  • glycolysis
  • the citric acid cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • chemiosmosis

Question 8

Question
Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?
Answer
  • They have a lot of oxygen atoms.
  • They have no nitrogen in their makeup.
  • They can have very long carbon skeletons.
  • They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.
  • They are easily reduced.

Question 9

Question
During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is
Answer
  • transferred to ADP, forming ATP.
  • transferred directly to ATP.
  • retained in the pyruvate.
  • stored in the NADH produced.
  • used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose-6-phosphate.

Question 10

Question
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
Answer
  • CO2 and H2O
  • CO2 and pyruvate
  • NADH and pyruvate
  • CO2 and NADH
  • H2O, FADH2, and citrate

Question 11

Question
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate
Answer
  • 2 molecules of ATP are used and 2 molecules of ATP are produced.
  • 2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.
  • 4 molecules of ATP are used and 2 molecules of ATP are produced.
  • 2 molecules of ATP are used and 6 molecules of ATP are produced.
  • 6 molecules of ATP are used and 6 molecules of ATP are produced.

Question 12

Question
A molecule that is phosphorylated
Answer
  • has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate.
  • has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work.
  • has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate.
  • has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work.
  • has less energy than before its phosphorylation and therefore less energy for cellular work.

Question 13

Question
Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
Answer
  • an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
  • an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it
  • an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized
  • an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+
  • an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain

Question 14

Question
Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?
Answer
  • It both splits molecules and assembles molecules.
  • It attaches and detaches phosphate groups.
  • It uses glucose and generates pyruvate.
  • It shifts molecules from cytosol to mitochondrion.
  • It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP.

Question 15

Question
Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through phosphorylation?
Image:
585c010640a5d86639000cf5 (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • 1
  • 2
  • 11
  • 12
  • 24

Question 16

Question
How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle?
Image:
585c010640a5d86639000cf5 (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • 2
  • 5
  • 10
  • 12
  • 60

Question 17

Question
How many reduced dinucleotides would be produced with four turns of the citric acid cycle?
Image:
585c010640a5d86639000cf5 (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • 1 FADH2 and 4 NADH
  • 2 FADH2 and 8 NADH
  • 4 FADH2 and 12 NADH
  • 1 FAD and 4 NAD+
  • 4 FAD+ and 12 NAD+

Question 18

Question
Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?
Answer
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
  • chemiosmotic phosphorylation
  • converting oxygen to ATP
  • transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate
  • generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain

Question 19

Question
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
Answer
  • food ® citric acid cycle ® ATP ® NAD+
  • food ® NADH ® electron transport chain ® oxygen
  • glucose ® pyruvate ® ATP ® oxygen
  • glucose ® ATP ® electron transport chain ® NADH
  • food ® glycolysis ® citric acid cycle ® NADH ® ATP

Question 20

Question
During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?
Answer
  • carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • glucose (C6H12O6)
  • molecular oxygen (O2)
  • pyruvate (C3H3O3-)
  • lactate (C3H5O3-)

Question 21

Question
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
Answer
  • energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system
  • energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation
  • energy released from ATP synthase pumping hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix
  • energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase
  • No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic.

Question 22

Question
Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?
Answer
  • It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation.
  • It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms.
  • It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
  • It relies on chemiosmosis which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells-prokaryotic cells.
  • It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells.

Question 23

Question
Muscle cells, when an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen deprived, convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells?
Answer
  • It is converted to NAD+
  • It produces CO2 and water.
  • It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate.
  • It reduces FADH2 to FAD+
  • It is converted to alcohol.

Question 24

Question
You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a "low carb" diet. How did the fat leave her body?
Answer
  • It was released as CO2 and H2O
  • Chemical energy was converted to heat and then released.
  • It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat.
  • It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body.
  • It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.

Question 25

Question
Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur?
Answer
  • in photosynthetic cells in the light, while photosynthesis occurs concurrently
  • in non-photosynthesizing cells only
  • in cells that are storing glucose only
  • in photosynthesizing cells in dark periods and in other tissues all the time
  • in photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark

Question 26

Question
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
Answer
  • yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.
  • act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
  • combine with carbon, forming CO2
  • combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.
  • catalyze the reactions of glycolysis.

Question 27

Question
In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, and about 17 X that of the cell's plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve?
Answer
  • It allows for increased rate of glycolysis.
  • It allows for increased rate of the citric acid cycle.
  • It increases the surface for oxidative phosphoryation.
  • It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation.
  • It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria.

Question 28

Question
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
Answer
  • the electron transport chain
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
  • chemiosmosis
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • aerobic respiration

Question 29

Question
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of
Answer
  • ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
  • ATP, CO2, and lactate.
  • ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
  • ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen.
  • ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA.

Question 30

Question
One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to
Answer
  • reduce NAD+ to NADH
  • reduce FAD+ to FADH2
  • oxidize NADH to NAD+
  • reduce FADH2 to FAD+
  • none of the above

Question 31

Question
Which of the following statements describes NAD+?
Answer
  • NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
  • NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.
  • NAD+ is reduced by the action of hydrogenases.
  • NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation.
  • In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function.

Question 32

Question
A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition?
Answer
  • His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.
  • His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria.
  • His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria.
  • His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate.
  • His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.

Question 33

Question
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
Answer
  • cytosol
  • mitochondrial outer membrane
  • mitochondrial inner membrane
  • mitochondrial intermembrane space
  • mitochondrial matrix

Question 34

Question
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the
Answer
  • formation of ATP.
  • reduction of NAD+.
  • restoration of the Na+/K+ balance across the membrane.
  • creation of a proton gradient.
  • lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 35

Question
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
Answer
  • glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
  • oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
  • the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
  • oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation
  • fermentation and glycolysis

Question 36

Question
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
Answer
  • glycolysis ® NADH ® oxidative phosphorylation ® ATP ® oxygen
  • citric acid cycle → mc036-1.jpg → electron transport chain → ATP
  • electron transport chain ® citric acid cycle ® ATP ® oxygen
  • pyruvate ® citric acid cycle ® ATP ® NADH ® oxygen
  • citric acid cycle ® NADH ® electron transport chain ® oxygen

Question 37

Question
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
Answer
  • cytosol
  • electron transport chain
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • mitochondrial matrix

Question 38

Question
Each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O2) are required?
Answer
  • 1
  • 2
  • 6
  • 12
  • 38

Question 39

Question
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) in cellular respiration?
Answer
  • 2
  • 4
  • 15
  • 38
  • 76

Question 40

Question
Recall that the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy (ÄG = -686 kcal/mol). The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores approximately 7.3 kcal per mole of ATP. What is the approximate efficiency of cellular respiration for a "mutant" organism that produces only 29 moles of ATP for every mole of glucose oxidized, rather than the usual 36-38 moles of ATP?
Answer
  • 0.4%
  • 25%
  • 30%
  • 40%
  • 60%

Question 41

Question
The accompanying figure shows the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain?
Image:
585c011040a5d86639000e41 (1) (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water
  • NAD+, FAD, and electrons
  • NADH, FADH2, and protons
  • NADH, FADH2, and electrons
  • oxygen and electrons

Question 42

Question
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
Answer
  • the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
  • the citric acid cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • glycolysis
  • chemiosmosis

Question 43

Question
Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?
Answer
  • pyruvate
  • malate or fumarate
  • acetyl CoA
  • á-ketoglutarate
  • succinyl CoA

Question 44

Question
Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?
Answer
  • Only respiration oxidizes glucose.
  • NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in respiration only.
  • Fermentation, but not respiration, is an example of a catabolic pathway.
  • Substrate-level phosphorylation is unique to fermentation.
  • NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent only in respiration.

Question 45

Question
Most CO2 from catabolism is released during
Answer
  • glycolysis.
  • the citric acid cycle.
  • lactate fermentation.
  • electron transport.
  • oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 46

Question
Step [blank_start]B[blank_end] shows a split of one molecule into two smaller moelecules.
Image:
585c011140a5d86639000e7e (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • B

Question 47

Question
Step [blank_start]A[blank_end] involves an endergonic reaction.
Image:
585c011140a5d86639000e7e (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • A
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