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PSYC 140: CHAPTER 3

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Social Psychology by David Myers 9th edition test questions
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Question 1

Question
Research by Abbey (1998) found that _______ are likely to attribute a _______ friendliness to mild sexual interest.
Answer
  • women; man's
  • men; woman's
  • both women and men; man's
  • both women and men; woman's

Question 2

Question
According to the text, many men assume women are flattered by repeated requests for dates which women more often see as harassing. This is an example of
Answer
  • arrogance.
  • a lack of intuition.
  • misattribution.
  • miscommunication

Question 3

Question
According to your text, people everywhere perceive mediators and media as
Answer
  • biased in favor of their position.
  • objective in their decisions and coverage.
  • biased against their position.
  • biased against the President

Question 4

Question
The theory that explains people's behavior by attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations is called
Answer
  • dispositional theory.
  • motivational theory.
  • situational theory.
  • attribution theory.

Question 5

Question
A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and unorganized. What type of attribution are you making for his behavior?
Answer
  • motivational
  • dispositional
  • situational
  • illusory

Question 6

Question
You are consistently late to your psychology class, because the biology class you have immediately before it is in a building on the other side of campus. You are concerned that your professor does not think you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness. If this were true, what type of attribution would your professor be making about your behavior?
Answer
  • motivational
  • dispositional
  • situational
  • external

Question 7

Question
You are consistently late to your psychology class, because the biology class you have immediately before it is in a building on the other side of campus. You are concerned that your professor does not think you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness, so you inform her of why you are always late. You can now safely conclude that your professor will make what type of attribution about your behavior?
Answer
  • motivational
  • dispositional
  • situational
  • internal

Question 8

Question
Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because she is an unhappy person. What type of attribution are you making to explain her behavior?
Answer
  • motivational
  • dispositional
  • situational
  • illusory

Question 9

Question
Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because he has not had a raise in ten years. What type of attribution are you making to explain his behavior?
Answer
  • motivational
  • dispositional
  • situational
  • common sense

Question 10

Question
Attributing behavior to a person's traits is an example of what type of attribution?
Answer
  • motivational
  • dispositional
  • situational
  • epigenetic

Question 11

Question
Attributing behavior to a person's environment is an example of what type of attribution?
Answer
  • motivational
  • dispositional
  • situational
  • genetic

Question 12

Question
According to the attribution theorist Kelley (1973), what three types of information do we use when we make attributions for other people's behavior?
Answer
  • consistency, distinctiveness, and character
  • consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
  • conformity, distinctiveness, and character
  • conformity, distinctiveness, and consensus

Question 13

Question
Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she has difficulty using other computers on campus. The answer to this question provides information about
Answer
  • consistency.
  • distinctiveness.
  • character
  • Consensus

Question 14

Question
Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she usually encounters difficulty when using her computer. The answer to this question provides information about
Answer
  • consistency.
  • distinctiveness.
  • character.
  • consensus

Question 15

Question
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on other people's behavior is called the
Answer
  • false consensus bias.
  • misinformation effect.
  • fundamental attribution error.
  • dispositional bias.

Question 16

Question
After reading a newspaper article about teenagers who illegally download music from the Internet, you conclude that those who engage in such behavior are morally bankrupt. It never occurs to you that the reason teenagers download music from the Internet is because they are not able to afford the price of a compact disc, or the temptation to download, coupled with the peer pressure to do so, is often great. Your thinking on this matter can be characterized by the
Answer
  • false consensus bias.
  • misinformation effect.
  • fundamental attribution error.
  • dispositional bias.

Question 17

Question
Researchers had students read debaters' speeches either supporting or attacking Cuban leader Fidel Castro. When the students were later told that each debater's position had been assigned, they
Answer
  • assumed the debater's position merely reflected the demands of the assignment.
  • described the speaker's position as poorly developed.
  • concluded that to some extent the speech reflected the speaker's true beliefs.
  • concluded that the debating coach was an effective persuader.

Question 18

Question
Your immediate recognition of your friends' face or her voice on the phone is an example of
Answer
  • controlled processing.
  • illusory correlation
  • automatic processing.
  • attributional error.

Question 19

Question
Marcia thought that she would have enough time to write her paper after she bought groceries and cleaned the house, but she ran out of time. This is an example of
Answer
  • belief perseverance
  • the planning fallacy.
  • confirmation bias.
  • heuristic problems.

Question 20

Question
Inferring that Cinderella is truly meek as she cowers in her oppressive home is an example of how we often
Answer
  • focus on internal traits.
  • ignore temporary moods.
  • forget about situational influences.
  • notice public and private behavior.

Question 21

Question
Researchers randomly assigned participants to play the part of either a quiz game contestant or the host, while other participants merely observed the game. Results indicated that
Answer
  • both contestants and observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable than the contestants.
  • both contestants and observers thought the contestants were more knowledgeable than the hosts.
  • observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the situation.
  • hosts thought themselves more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the situation.

Question 22

Question
We tend to underestimate the situational determinants of others' behavior but not our own because we observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves. This is known as the
Answer
  • actor-observer difference.
  • camera perspective bias.
  • changing perspectives trend.
  • self-awareness phenomenon.

Question 23

Question
What commands our attention as we shop for groceries each week is the environment around us, such as the number of people in front of us at the checkout counter. Yet when we watch another person's behavior at the grocery store, he or she, rather than the environment, occupies the center of our attention. As a result, we tend to engage in the attribution error. That is we are irritable because the lines are long, but the other person is cantankerous because he or she is an unhappy person. What explanation below best explains this use of the fundamental attribution error?
Answer
  • actor-observer difference
  • camera perspective bias
  • changing perspectives trend
  • self-awareness phenomenon

Question 24

Question
In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2002), participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to perceive the confession as genuine when they viewed the confession
Answer
  • live
  • through a two-way mirror.
  • through a camera focused on the suspect.
  • through a camera focused on the detective.

Question 25

Question
In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2002), participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to perceive the confession as coerced when they viewed the confession
Answer
  • live
  • through a two-way mirror.
  • through a camera focused on the suspect.
  • through a camera focused on the detective

Question 26

Question
According to the text, observers tend to attribute a person's behavior to _______ the more that time passes.
Answer
  • the situation
  • his or her personal characteristics
  • both the situation and his or her personal characteristics
  • neither the situation nor his or her personal characteristics

Question 27

Question
According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994), voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the _______ the day after a presidential election, and to the _______ a year after the election.
Answer
  • poor weather on election day; candidate's oral presentation skills
  • candidate's oral presentation skills; poor weather on election day
  • candidate's personal traits and positions; nation's economy
  • nation's economy; candidate's personal traits and positions

Question 28

Question
Burger and Pavelich (1994) found that voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the candidate's personal traits and positions the day after a presidential election, and to the nation's economy a year after the election. This represents which of the following explanations for the fundamental attribution error?
Answer
  • actor-observer difference
  • camera perspective bias
  • changing perspectives trend
  • self-awareness phenomenon

Question 29

Question
Overconfidence remains after mistaken judgments due to the belief that
Answer
  • "I'll do better next time."
  • "I was almost right."
  • "It wasn't my fault that I was wrong."
  • "Others were also wrong."

Question 30

Question
Maureen does not seem to take responsibility for her actions (e.g., always creating excuses for coming home past curfew and acting like a victim of teachers when it comes to bad grades). In order for her to take responsibility for her behavior, she needs to become more
Answer
  • situation-conscious
  • self-conscious
  • self-possessed.
  • confident

Question 31

Question
A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself is called
Answer
  • self-possession.
  • self-consciousness.
  • self-awareness.
  • self-assuredness

Question 32

Question
People in Western cultures are more inclined to assume that others' behaviors
Answer
  • reflect inner traits.
  • are caused by the situation.
  • do not reflect inner traits.
  • do not cause events.

Question 33

Question
In _______ cultures, people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions.
Answer
  • individualistic
  • collectivistic
  • religious
  • secular

Question 34

Question
Those who make situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that
Answer
  • offer more direct support to the poor.
  • are unsympathetic to the poor.
  • tend to blame the poor for their problems.
  • are more neutral regarding poverty and unemployment

Question 35

Question
Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that
Answer
  • offer more direct support to the poor.
  • are unsympathetic to the poor
  • tend to blame the poor for their problems.
  • are more neutral regarding poverty and unemployment.

Question 36

Question
Fletcher and his colleagues (1986) found that psychology students explained behavior _______ than similarly intelligent natural science students.
Answer
  • more simplistically
  • less simplistically
  • less self-consciously
  • more positively

Question 37

Question
Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as
Answer
  • rationalization.
  • belief persistence.
  • attitude consistency.
  • belief perseverance.

Question 38

Question
Researchers provided study participants with evidence that either risk-prone or cautious people make better firefighters. When participants wrote an explanation for the findings, they were particularly susceptible to
Answer
  • the fundamental attribution error.
  • the hindsight bias.
  • behavioral confirmation.
  • belief perseverance.

Question 39

Question
You have a tendency to assume someone is still a good friend even after a person acts otherwise. This tendency is known as the
Answer
  • belief perseverance phenomenon.
  • belief continuity phenomenon.
  • correspondence bias.
  • belief disconfirmation bias.

Question 40

Question
Despite reading numerous research studies that report the association of fast food consumption with heart disease and diabetes, Rachel continues to eat fast food and thinks that it is harmless. Rachel's thinking is an example of
Answer
  • belief assimilation.
  • belief consolidation.
  • belief perseverance.
  • operation of the availability heuristic.

Question 41

Question
Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true (e.g., why a cautious person might be a better fire-fighter than a risk-taking person) _______ belief perseverance.
Answer
  • slightly increases
  • maintains
  • reduces
  • significantly increases

Question 42

Question
Researchers had students write essays opposing student control over university curricula. When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students
Answer
  • remembered having held a very different attitude.
  • could not remember how they had felt.
  • mistakenly "remembered" having felt the same as they do now.
  • admitted they had always supported student control of university curricula but pretended to oppose it in their essays

Question 43

Question
A researcher asks adult research participants to vividly imagine tripping at a dance recital as a child. This incident never really occurred. Given past research, ______ of the participants will later recall the event as something that actually happened.
Answer
  • none
  • all
  • one-fourth
  • one percent

Question 44

Question
Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event, but during the finals week of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. This is an example of
Answer
  • the perseverance bias.
  • the fundamental attribution error.
  • the correspondence bias.
  • rosy retrospection.

Question 45

Question
According to a study by Myers (2004), people in psychotherapy and self-improvement programs who showed only modest improvements claimed that they
Answer
  • did not improve at all.
  • experienced considerable change.
  • experienced rapid improvement, then a steady decline.
  • experienced change.

Question 46

Question
While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man running a red light—causing a three-car accident. Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. He tells you that the light was yellow. Later you tell police that you remembered the light being yellow, not red, when the man went through the intersection. This scenario illustrates.
Answer
  • the priming effect.
  • the confirmation bias.
  • belief perseverance.
  • the misinformation effect.

Question 47

Question
Incorporating inaccurate information into one's memory of an event, after witnessing the event and receiving misleading information about it is called
Answer
  • the priming effect
  • the confirmation bias
  • belief perseverance.
  • the misinformation effect.

Question 48

Question
Activating particular associations in memory is called
Answer
  • triggering.
  • initiation.
  • galvanization.
  • priming.

Question 49

Question
To retrieve a memory of where your date told you she wanted to go for dinner tomorrow, you need to activate one of the strands that leads to this memory, such as thinking about what types of food she does and does not like. This process is known as
Answer
  • belief perseverance.
  • reconstruction.
  • priming
  • induction.

Question 50

Question
Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called
Answer
  • controlled processing.
  • automatic processing
  • external processing.
  • intentional processing.

Question 51

Question
"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual and without awareness is called
Answer
  • controlled processing.
  • automatic processing.
  • internal processing.
  • intentional processing.

Question 52

Question
Jumping out of your seat as a result of an unexpected scene in a movie is what type of thinking?
Answer
  • controlled processing
  • automatic processing
  • internal processing
  • intentional processing

Question 53

Question
When trying to recall the definition of the fundamental attribution error during an exam, you think back to what the professor was wearing when he was talking about the fundamental attribution error in class. What type of thinking is this?
Answer
  • controlled processing
  • automatic processing
  • internal processing
  • intentional processing

Question 54

Question
Your best friend is a master chess player, and has won numerous awards. When you play chess with her, you notice that she seems to be aware of strategies almost immediately after your move. Her awareness of these strategies reflects what type of thinking?
Answer
  • controlled processing
  • automatic processing
  • internal processing
  • intentional processing

Question 55

Question
The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs is called the
Answer
  • perseverance bias.
  • fundamental attribution error.
  • correspondence bias.
  • overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 56

Question
You used to envy your brother because he was always so confident when talking to others. Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate about things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the
Answer
  • perseverance bias.
  • fundamental attribution error.
  • correspondence bias.
  • overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 57

Question
Kruger and Dunning (1999) found that those students who scored lowest on tests of grammar and logic were _______ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills
Answer
  • least prone
  • most prone
  • sometimes prone
  • never prone

Question 58

Question
Each semester you repeatedly underestimate how long it will take you to complete a research paper that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the
Answer
  • perseverance bias.
  • fundamental attribution error.
  • correspondence bias.
  • overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 59

Question
Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?
Answer
  • Get people to think about why their judgments might be wrong.
  • Delay feedback regarding the accuracy of their judgments.
  • Inform people about the overconfidence bias
  • Tell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias.

Question 60

Question
One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information
Answer
  • from experts
  • that is objective and factual.
  • that involves judging estimates and comparisons
  • that might disprove what they believe.

Question 61

Question
When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove our beliefs, the _______ has occurred.
Answer
  • hindsight bias
  • confirmation bias
  • overconfidence phenomenon
  • fundamental attribution error

Question 62

Question
After 9/11, many people abandoned air travel because of the
Answer
  • availability heuristic.
  • representativeness heuristic.
  • confirmation bias.
  • planning fallacy

Question 63

Question
Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's approach illustrates the
Answer
  • confirmation bias
  • misinformation effect
  • base-rate fallacy
  • I-knew-it-all-along

Question 64

Question
Which of the following is a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments?
Answer
  • an implicit attitude
  • an explicit attitude
  • a heuristic
  • a confirmation bias

Question 65

Question
The process of judging something by comparing it to our mental representation of a category uses the _____ heuristic.
Answer
  • availability
  • representativeness
  • vividness
  • matching

Question 66

Question
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group because it resembles a typical member is referred to as the _______ heuristic
Answer
  • availability
  • representativeness
  • vividness
  • matching

Question 67

Question
On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man at the front of the room, talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is the professor and the younger man is the student, we are relying on what heuristic?
Answer
  • availability
  • representativeness
  • vividness
  • matching

Question 68

Question
Once during a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman (both in health professional attire) talking. You assumed that the man was a physician, and that the woman was a nurse. Later, you found out the opposite was true. What type of heuristic did you use during your initial reaction to the two individuals?
Answer
  • availability heuristic
  • representativeness heuristic
  • vividness heuristic
  • matching heuristic

Question 69

Question
The cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is called the _____ heuristic.
Answer
  • availability
  • representativeness
  • vividness
  • matching

Question 70

Question
Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on a commercial flight covering the same distance, people often assume that flying is more dangerous than driving. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption?
Answer
  • availability heuristic
  • representativeness heuristic
  • vividness heuristic
  • matching heuristic

Question 71

Question
Assuming most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes, robberies and beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic.
Answer
  • Availability
  • representativenes
  • vividness
  • maching

Question 72

Question
The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not is called
Answer
  • the base-rate fallacy.
  • automatic thinking.
  • reflective bias.
  • counterfactual thinking.

Question 73

Question
You did not study for your psychology exam. However, you imagine yourself earning a better grade than the one you actually earned. This is an example of
Answer
  • implicit thinking.
  • explicit thinking
  • counterfactual thinking.
  • the fundamental attribution error.

Question 74

Question
After breaking up with your boyfriend, you imagine that you would still be with this person if you had treated him more considerately. This is an example of
Answer
  • implicit thinking.
  • explicit thinking.
  • counterfactual thinking
  • the fundamental attribution error.

Question 75

Question
76. The perception of a relationship where none actually exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, is called
Answer
  • a representative heuristic.
  • an availability heuristic.
  • an illusory correlation
  • the overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 76

Question
Counterfactual thinking is more likely when
Answer
  • we are not expecting a favorable outcome.
  • we are surprised by favorable results.
  • we can easily picture an alternative outcome
  • the event is insignificant.

Question 77

Question
Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents
Answer
  • a representative heuristic.
  • an availability heuristic.
  • an illusory correlation.
  • the overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 78

Question
The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes
Answer
  • an illusory correlation.
  • the illusion of control.
  • a representative heuristic.
  • an availability heuristic.

Question 79

Question
Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence. This illustrates the
Answer
  • illusory correlation.
  • illusion of control.
  • representative heuristic.
  • availability heuristic

Question 80

Question
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or behaviors to return toward average is called
Answer
  • the regression heuristic.
  • regression toward the extreme.
  • regression toward the average.
  • reversion.

Question 81

Question
Although you once earned a 100 on your physics exam, you have subsequently been unable to earn a perfect score again. Your experience may be understood in terms of
Answer
  • the illusory correlation.
  • regression toward the average.
  • the representativeness heuristic.
  • counterfactual thinking.

Question 82

Question
Research on "mood infusion" found that participants' judgments of their own videotaped behaviors were more positive if, while they watched the videotape, they were
Answer
  • in a good mood.
  • with a stranger.
  • distracted.
  • depressed or anxious.

Question 83

Question
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called
Answer
  • a self-fulfilling prophecy.
  • a belief confirmation.
  • self-confirming validity.
  • behavioral perseverance.

Question 84

Question
Research indicates that happy people
Answer
  • think more rationally.
  • are more likely to exhibit negative expectations
  • are more trusting, loving, and responsive.
  • are more susceptive to illusory correlations.

Question 85

Question
In a now-famous study, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that randomly selected elementary school students experienced a spurt in IQ score largely as a result of
Answer
  • increased parental involvement and support.
  • their teachers' elevated expectations.
  • intensified academic training.
  • educational strategies that raised their selfesteem.

Question 86

Question
Murray and his colleagues (2003) found that among married couples, the self-fulfilling prophecy occurred when one person interpreted slight hurts as rejections. The person who felt rejected was then motivated to
Answer
  • value their partner for his or her honesty.
  • value their partner yet become distant from him or her.
  • devalue their partner but make an effort to become close to him or her.
  • devalue their partner and become distant from him or her.

Question 87

Question
You attend a party where you do not know anyone, but expect that people will be friendly. You behave in a warm and sociable manner. Your behavior, in turn, leads to other people being friendly to you. This situation can best be described as
Answer
  • the illusory correlation.
  • the representativeness heuristic.
  • the availability heuristic.
  • behavioral confirmation

Question 88

Question
Ridge and Reber (2002) conducted a study in which men were told that job candidates were attracted to them. The findings revealed that the
Answer
  • men were more likely to hire the women.
  • men were more likely to perceive the women as being attractive.
  • women perceived the men as being attracted to them.
  • women exhibited more flirtatiousness.

Question 89

Question
According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975), if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly
Answer
  • tell them that they should be neat and tidy.
  • congratulate them for being neat and tidy.
  • tell them that littering is a crime.
  • tell them that people who litter are bad.

Question 90

Question
Researchers had male students speak by telephone with women they thought were either attractive or unattractive. When judges later analyzed the women's comments, they found that the
Answer
  • women thought to be attractive spoke more warmly than the other women.
  • women thought to be unattractive tried harder to be likable and stimulated better conversation.
  • women thought to be attractive spoke in a more aloof and superior manner.
  • women thought to be unattractive spoke more slowly and deliberately.

Question 91

Question
If you are told that someone you have never met is attracted to you, you will likely
Answer
  • behave toward that person in a way that draws out their flirtatious behavior.
  • behave toward that person in a way that causes them to become shy and withdrawn.
  • feel little attraction to that person.
  • avoid that person if you can.

Question 92

Question
When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm those expectations, _______ is at work.
Answer
  • illusory correlation
  • counterfactual thinking
  • behavioral confirmation
  • illusion of control

Question 93

Question
In a research study comparing the investment decisions of patients with or without emotion, which group made the most profitable investment decisions?
Answer
  • The patients who had no investment experience.
  • The patients with emotion.
  • The patients without emotion.
  • The patients who had investment experience

Question 94

Question
Expectations can often predict behavior because
Answer
  • the expectations are accurate.
  • the expectations are a coincidence.
  • behavior is easily predicted.
  • we are overconfident.

Question 95

Question
Researchers investigated the reduction of littering in three high school classrooms. Which class still showed a reduction in littering two weeks after the study ended?
Answer
  • the class that was told that they should be neat and tidy
  • the class reprimanded repeatedly for littering
  • the class congratulated for being neat and tidy
  • the class whose littering was ignored
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