Palate quiz

What structures are being pointed to in this image?

Where does fertilisation occur?

The zona pellucida breaks down during fertilisation.

The trophoblast differentiates into the cytotrophoblast.

After gastrulation the three germ layers that form are the hypoblast, mesoderm and endoderm.

The first pharynegeal arch is associated with the [blank_start]Trigeminal[blank_end] nerve. Pharyngeal arch two is associated with the [blank_start]facial[blank_end] nerve. [blank_start]Glossopharyngeal[blank_end] nerve is associated with the third pharyngeal arch and the [blank_start]vagus[blank_end] nerve is associated with the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.

Which pharyngeal arch does the maxillary and mandibular prominence's arise from?

The lateral nasal swellings form the intermaxillary segment.

The incisive foramen is the landmark between the primary and secondary palates.

Which of these foramen are found on the hard palate?

The greater palatine foramen can be located near the first molar tooth on either side of the hard palate.

The palatine aponeurosis, which is an expansion of the [blank_start]tensor veli palatini tendons[blank_end], strengthens the soft palate. The palatine aponeurosis is thin posteriorly where it ends in a free margin and thick anteriorly where it attaches to the [blank_start]hard palate[blank_end]. The [blank_start]palatine aponeurosis[blank_end] mainly forms the the anterior part of the soft palate, whereas the posterior part of the soft palate is mainly formed form [blank_start]muscle[blank_end]. The aponeurosis also serves as a site for muscle attachment for the other palatine muscle

Which muscles are involved in elevating the soft palate?

Which muscles are involved in depressing the soft palate?

Which of these muscles are supplied by the vagus nerve?

Which other nerve supplies the soft palate, along with the lesser palatine nerve?

The greater palatine nerve terminates in the oral cavity?

The [blank_start]soft[blank_end] palate contains taste papillae that are referred to as palate papillae. The palate papillae are morphologically similar to [blank_start]fungiform papillae[blank_end] that are located on the anterior aspect of the tongue. The gustatory function of the soft palate is predominately innervated by the [blank_start]greater petrosal nerve[blank_end]. However, some are innervated by the deep petrosal nerve. The soft palate is most sensitive to [blank_start]sweet[blank_end] sensation.

The transport of food is done by the "squeeze-back" method

The soft palate helps direct air flow?

The soft palate is depressed during oral breathing.

The levator veli palatini muscles are most active during oral breathing.

Individuals with flat palates tend to have an increased vowel production .

Clefts of the primary palate occur posterior to the incisive foramen.

Name the type of cleft palate pointed to by the arrows.

Cleft palates can reduce the nasal airways?

At week six the [blank_start]palatine shelves[blank_end] grow inferiorly on either side of the tongue. In week [blank_start]seven[blank_end] the palatine shelves rotate and move to a [blank_start]horizontal[blank_end] position above the tongue. The palatine shelves will fuse in the midline and continue to fuse anteriorly and posteriorly. The nasal septum will grow [blank_start]inferiorly[blank_end] to fuse with the superior surface of the palate. The fusion of the nasal septum and palate separates the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. Rotation of the shelves is believed to be due to synthesis and hydration of [blank_start]hyaluronic acid[blank_end] within the extracellular matrix of the shelves.

The palatine processes of the [blank_start]maxillae[blank_end] and the [blank_start]palatine[blank_end] bone are the main components of the hard palate. The palatine processes of the maxillae makes up the anterior [blank_start]three-quarters[blank_end]. The palatine bones form the posterior [blank_start]one-quarter[blank_end].

To reach the palate the greater and lesser palatine nerves descends through the pterygopalatine fossa and [blank_start]palatine canal[blank_end]. The greater palatine nerve supplies the [blank_start]hard palate[blank_end] and gingiva. The lesser palatine nerve, which supplies the [blank_start]soft palate[blank_end], travels through the lesser palatine foramen and passes [blank_start]posteromedially[blank_end].

During swallowing the soft palate is [blank_start]elevated[blank_end], separating the oral cavity and the nasal cavity, closing the [blank_start]pharyngeal[blank_end] isthmus. The actions allows the transport of food to the pharynx and prevents food entering the nasal cavity. The main muscle involved in elevation of the soft palate is the [blank_start]levator veli palatini[blank_end] muscles. The musculus uvulae will assist in this action.

The [blank_start]soft[blank_end] palate is lowered and contacts the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] part of the tongue, closing the [blank_start]oropharyngeal[blank_end] isthmus, during [blank_start]nasal[blank_end] breathing. The [blank_start]palatoglossus[blank_end] is the muscle most active during nasal breathing.

The soft palate is elevated during [blank_start]non-nasal[blank_end] sounds so air is expelled only through the [blank_start]mouth[blank_end]. When the soft palate is depressed then this produces [blank_start]nasal[blank_end] sounds. Hypernasal resonance and nasal emissions occur when there is an inadequate closure of the [blank_start]pharyngeal isthmus[blank_end] during speech production. The soft palate is generally elevated by the [blank_start]levator veli palatini[blank_end] muscles during speech. Elevation of the soft palate is [blank_start]lower[blank_end] during speech than it is during swallowing.

Problems that can occur in an individual with a cleft palate include weak articulation of consonants. The consonant '[blank_start]s[blank_end]' appears to be the most common articulation difficulty. Cleft palate patients avoid using [blank_start]nasal[blank_end] consonants and instead use [blank_start]non-nasal[blank_end] consonants. For example, using 'm' instead of 'b'. Omission is another speech problem with cleft palates. Omission of speech is where the [blank_start]last[blank_end] consonant is missed to avoid any nasal emission.

If the cleft palate is accompanied by a cleft lip a lip repair is done first and normally occurs around [blank_start]three months[blank_end]. At about [blank_start]six months to one year[blank_end] a cleft palate repair is done. Surgery normally occurs early on to help in feeding and to avoid any speech habits. When the individual is around [blank_start]five[blank_end] years of age they will undergo rhinoplasty.