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Musculoskeletal Development

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Quiz on Musculoskeletal Development , created by MPusey on 13/01/2015.
MPusey
Quiz by MPusey, updated more than 1 year ago
MPusey
Created by MPusey over 9 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Which of the following develop from somites?
Answer
  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Axial muscles
  • Appendicular muscles

Question 2

Question
What is found in the centre of the developing embryo?
Answer
  • Neural tube
  • Pairs of somites
  • Limb buds
  • Notochord
  • Sclerodome

Question 3

Question
Somites develop in pairs. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 4

Question
From which end do the pairs of somites develop?
Answer
  • Caudal end
  • Rostral end
  • Superior end
  • Inferior end

Question 5

Question
What is somite development controlled by?
Answer
  • A chemical gradient
  • The mother's hormonal levels
  • Which genes a switched on or off in each cell

Question 6

Question
Somites account for only a small amount of our body mass after development. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 7

Question
Which of the following are developed from the somites?
Answer
  • Dermatome
  • Myotome
  • Sclerotome
  • Syndetome
  • Heptatome
  • Angiotome

Question 8

Question
What does the skin develop from?
Answer
  • Dermatome
  • Myotome
  • Sclerotome
  • Syndetome

Question 9

Question
What does muscle develop from?
Answer
  • Myotome
  • Dermatome
  • Scleratome
  • Syndetome

Question 10

Question
What does bone develop from?
Answer
  • Sclerotome
  • Dermatome
  • Myotome
  • Syndetome

Question 11

Question
What do ligaments and tendons develop from?
Answer
  • Syndetome
  • Dermatome
  • Myotome
  • Scleratome

Question 12

Question
What do somites induce?
Answer
  • Spinal nerve formation
  • Cranial nerve formation
  • Afferent neurone formation
  • Efferent neurone formation

Question 13

Question
How are vertebrae formed from the somites?
Answer
  • From the caudal end of one somite and the cranial end of another
  • One somite goes onto create one vertebra
  • Two somites fuse across the neural tube to form a vertebral bone
  • Somites do not go onto form vertebrae

Question 14

Question
Which part of the somite is split into two by the development of the spinal nerve?
Answer
  • Scleratome
  • Myotome
  • Dermatome
  • Syndetome

Question 15

Question
The scleratome of the first five somites goes onto create which bone?
Answer
  • Occipital bone
  • Frontal bone
  • Temporal bone
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Parietal bone

Question 16

Question
The scleratome converges around the neural tube. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 17

Question
If the scleratome does not converge around the spinal cord completely what condition will the child have?
Answer
  • Spina bifida
  • Pattau's syndrome
  • Scoliosis
  • Brevicollis
  • Kyphosis

Question 18

Question
Where in the developing embryo will the notochord be found?
Answer
  • In the neural tube
  • Between the first and second somites
  • In the scleratome
  • In the developing spinal nerves

Question 19

Question
Most of the notochord is removed during development, but it remains in one place. Where does it remain?
Answer
  • Nucleus pulposis of the intervertebral disc
  • Annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc
  • In the dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerves
  • In the lining of the ventral median fissure of the spinal cord

Question 20

Question
What is scoliosis?
Answer
  • Lateral curvature of the spine
  • Reduced number of cervical vertebrae
  • Reduced number of thoracic vertebrae
  • Dorsal displacement of the spine

Question 21

Question
What is brevicollis?
Answer
  • Reduced number of cervical vertebrae
  • Reduced number of thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae of abnormally small size
  • Absence of a sacral bone

Question 22

Question
What do limb buds develop from?
Answer
  • Lateral mesoderm and over-lying ectoderm
  • Medical mesoderm and ectoderm
  • Mesoderm and the ectoderm that is deep to it
  • Mesoderm only

Question 23

Question
What are limb buds controlled by?
Answer
  • HOX genes
  • House-keeping genes
  • Chemical gradients
  • Somites

Question 24

Question
What develops from the limb buds?
Answer
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Appendicular muscles
  • Axial skeleton
  • Axial muscles

Question 25

Question
What are the three stages in limb bud development?
Answer
  • Initiation
  • Limb bud patterning
  • Digit patterning and sculpting
  • Elongation
  • Sclerotome division

Question 26

Question
During limb bud patterning of the upper limb, which bone will develop first?
Answer
  • Carpals
  • Ulna
  • Humerus
  • Scapula

Question 27

Question
What does digit patterning involve?
Answer
  • Apoptosis of cells at the end of the limb bud
  • Coordinated outgrowth of cells to form digits
  • Necrosis of webbing between the newly developed digits

Question 28

Question
What are the names of the two signalling centres on the limb buds?
Answer
  • Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)
  • Zone of polarising activity (ZPA)
  • Basal mesodermal dome (BMD)
  • Sclerotome signalling centre (SSC)

Question 29

Question
Which of the following is produced by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)?
Answer
  • FGF8
  • SHH
  • Sonic hedgehog

Question 30

Question
What is the function of the signalling molecules produced by the AER and the ZPA?
Answer
  • Ensure the correct bones develop in the correct place
  • Ensure that apoptosis occurs where it is needed to
  • Ensure that the limb bud reaches it's full length
  • Ensure that any mutated cells are destroyed
  • Ensure that the limb bud develops in the correct direction by creating a chemical gradient

Question 31

Question
What is the function of FGF8 from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)?
Answer
  • Maintain proliferation in the progress zone
  • Prevent cell division anywhere other than the progress zone
  • Turn of proliferation in the progress zone when new cells are no longer required

Question 32

Question
What chemical signal controls the apoptosis that creates the fingers and the toes?
Answer
  • BMP
  • SHH
  • FGF8
  • Sonic hedgehog

Question 33

Question
What will occur when apoptosis of the end of the limb bud does not occur?
Answer
  • Syndactayly
  • Meromelia
  • Cleft hand or foot

Question 34

Question
What condition is BMP related to where the receptors are activated when BMP is not present?
Answer
  • Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Ankalyosis spondylitis

Question 35

Question
What happens in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressivia?
Answer
  • Tissues become progressively ossified when they shouldn't be
  • The ossification of tissues is progressively broken down
  • The body has an inflammatory reaction to tissue that are ossified

Question 36

Question
What is amelia?
Answer
  • The congenital absence of one or more limbs
  • The congenital absence of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs but with the presence of a hand or foot
  • A congenital deformity in which the hand or feet are closely attached to the torso with the limbs being under-developed

Question 37

Question
What is meromelia?
Answer
  • Congenital absence of one or more limbs
  • Congenital absence of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs but with the presence of a hand or foot
  • A congenital deformity in which the hands or feet are closely attached to the torso, with the limbs being under-developed

Question 38

Question
What is phocomelia?
Answer
  • A congenital deformity in which the hands or feet are closely attached to the torso, with the limbs being under-developed
  • The congenital absence of one or more limbs
  • The congenital absence of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs, but with the presence of a hand or foot

Question 39

Question
What drug is famously known to cause amelia, meromelia and phocomelia?
Answer
  • Thalidomide
  • Methotrexate
  • Dexamethosone
  • Enalapril
  • Aspirin

Question 40

Question
What is ectrodactyly?
Answer
  • Congenital absence of part or all of one or more fingers or toes
  • A condition in which a person has more than five fingers or toes on one, or each, of their hands or feet
  • A condition of having some or all of the fingers or toes partly or wholly united

Question 41

Question
All the normal elements of a limb are present in club foot or club hand. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 42

Question
Why are the dermatomes in an adult human rotated?
Answer
  • Because of limb rotation that occurs during development
  • Because of limb rotation that occurs after birth
  • Because we a bipedal, not quadrupedal
  • Because the spinal nerve rotate during development

Question 43

Question
What condition affects one dermatome of skin?
Answer
  • Shingles
  • Menigitis
  • Pityriasis rosea
  • Bell's palsy
  • Chicken pox

Question 44

Question
Why does shingles only affect one dermatome?
Answer
  • Because the virus travels down one spinal nerve only
  • Because the immune cells in this area of skin have been destroyed
  • Because the virus is only present on the skin in this dermatome

Question 45

Question
What does the myotome go onto form?
Answer
  • Epimere
  • Hypomere
  • Ectomere
  • Mesomere
  • Hypermere

Question 46

Question
The limb muscles develop from the...?
Answer
  • Hypomere
  • Epimere
  • Hypermere
  • Ectomere
  • Mesomere

Question 47

Question
What does the epimere develop into?
Answer
  • Dorsal muscles - i.e. muscles of the back
  • Limb muscles - i.e. flexors and extensors
  • Ventral muscles - i.e everything but the muscles of the back

Question 48

Question
Which of the following is bigger?
Answer
  • Hypomere
  • Epimere

Question 49

Question
What goes onto supplies the muscles formed from the epimere?
Answer
  • Dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve
  • Ventral ramus of the spinal nerve
  • Sympathetic chain
  • Cranial nerves IX - XI

Question 50

Question
What controls somite division?
Answer
  • Signalling molecules produced by adjacent tissues
  • Signalling molecules produced by the neural tube
  • Signalling molecule produces by the notocord
  • Signalling molecules in the embryonic fluid
  • Hormones produced by the mother

Question 51

Question
What do myogenic factors do?
Answer
  • Drive skeletal muscle-specific differentiation
  • Create a chemical gradient to direct muscle growth in the correct direction
  • Prevent abnormal muscle growth

Question 52

Question
Myogenic factors remain present after development. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 53

Question
What is the function of myogenic factors after development?
Answer
  • Set aside stem cells for muscle repair
  • Prevent abnormal muscle growth
  • Prevent striation from being lost from the skeletal muscle

Question 54

Question
Signalling molecule BMP is also important in the attachment of the syndetome to bone and muscle so it can form tendons. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 55

Question
What are the name of the stem cells within mature skeletal muscle?
Answer
  • Satellite cells
  • Basal cells
  • Myogenic repair cells

Question 56

Question
What neurotransmitter is present at the neuromuscular junction?
Answer
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Noradrenaline
  • GABA
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