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EBM2 MST

Description

Just a bit of a warm up for the exam tomorrow. 30 seconds per question. True or false.
Jack Milton
Quiz by Jack Milton, updated more than 1 year ago
Jack Milton
Created by Jack Milton over 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Systematic Reviews are rated as the ‘highest level of evidence’ in the evidence hierarchy pyramid.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 2

Question
The Cochrane Library is a database of systematic reviews and meta-­‐analyses.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 3

Question
Using one database to search for information is best as this ensures you don’t mix your results.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 4

Question
PubMed only provides abstracts which are useful to then search for relevant studies elsewhere.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 5

Question
Common Boolean logic terms consist of AND, WITH & OR
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 6

Question
There is no need to read the whole article because abstracts provide a complete summary of the content within.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 7

Question
Searching different databases with the same terms provides the same results.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 8

Question
Because they are often conducted with blinding, Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) provide the highest level of evidence. Because of this, using the filter to restrict results to only show RCTs provides you with the best evidence.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 9

Question
The use of the ‘OR’ operator narrows the amount of titles found.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 10

Question
‘Exploding’ a heading removes that heading from the search results.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 11

Question
MeSH terms are not always picked up when entered, so it is important to check and see that relevant items are being included.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
PICO is the most reliable format for conducting a search as it highlights the keywords that can be entered into databases.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 13

Question
Before using a database, it is a good idea to research the terms to find possible synonyms.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 14

Question
Before using a database, it is a good idea to research the terms to find possible synonyms.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 15

Question
The Cochrane Library provides access to Cochrane Systematics Reviews and to other forms of literature.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 16

Question
The library subscriptions provide access to more full text articles so logging in furthers your reach for finding good evidence.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 17

Question
Databases are a tool for finding information, but it is important to familiarise yourself with different databases to make searching as efficient as possible.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
Using MeSH terms searches for like-terms and increases the chances that important research is captured.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 19

Question
Having a systematic approach to searching for evidence is a good way to ensure that you are not overwhelmed with information.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 20

Question
P values provide clinicians and patients with the information they most need.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 21

Question
Clinicians do not need to use confidence intervals to properly use research results in decision making processes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 22

Question
Narrow Confidence intervals result from a large sample size and events which provide, a definitive conclusion about recommending therapy.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 23

Question
Statistical significance questions whether confidence intervals exclude the null value.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 24

Question
Statistical significance is used to inform clinical significance.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 25

Question
Treatments becomes clinically significant because the difference between treatments is statistically significant.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 26

Question
Clinical significance can be inferred from statistical significance if P value is ≥0.05
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 27

Question
The P value measures the strength of the evidence that supports the null hypothesis.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 28

Question
Clinical significance asks whether any of the values in the confidence interval are big enough to care about
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 29

Question
Huge samples create a more accurate P value.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 30

Question
P values are a tool for separating real effects from chance.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 31

Question
For studies with a negative result, clinicians should examine the lower boundary of the confidence interval.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 32

Question
To determine if the sample size in a study is inadequate, you examine the lower boundary of the confidence interval.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 33

Question
If the confidence interval overlaps the smallest treatment benefit, the study is not definitive and a larger study is needed.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 34

Question
P values ≤ 0.05 indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis with 95% certainty.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 35

Question
P values ≥0.05 indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis with 95% certainty.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 36

Question
Primary sources are the best source of information to use when conduction a search.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 37

Question
The PICO format is best technique used in evidenced based medicine to frame and answer for a clinical question.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 38

Question
Wikipedia is one of these best databases to use.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 39

Question
Combining searches is an effective way at finding relevant information to a clinical question.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 40

Question
When searching a database filters narrow the search to clinically important articles.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 41

Question
Databases allow you to choose which article types you want to search for.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 42

Question
When searching PubMed with a single term into the search box it automatically carries out both a textword and thesaurus search.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 43

Question
When having found a useful article in PubMed there is a related hyperlink that searches for similar items within the database.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 44

Question
Medline is the leading resource for systemic reviews.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 45

Question
The Cochrane library has a wide range of study types
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 46

Question
The best way to search a database is to type in your complete question
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 47

Question
When searching PubMed, the researcher must enter in all related terms as there is no textword or thesaurus search function
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 48

Question
The P in PICO stands for population/patient.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 49

Question
Databases like PubMed, Medline and CINAHL allow you to search for studies within specific years.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 50

Question
A good literature search shouldn’t include unpublished work and studies with negative findings.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 51

Question
You only have to use 1 database when trying to answer a clinical question.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 52

Question
Confidence intervals are the range within which the true treatment effect might plausibly lie, when given the trial data.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 53

Question
In regards to confidence intervals, greater precision results from smaller sample sizes and small numbers of events.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 54

Question
When clinicians are trying to determine whether a trial with a positive effect is sufficiently large, they should focus on the upper boundary of the confidence interval.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 55

Question
A P value of equal to or less than 0.05 tells us that we can rule out the null effect/hypothesis with 95% certainty.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 56

Question
P values are not usually helpful for studies with large sample sizes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 57

Question
Clinical significance asks whether any of the values in the confidence interval are big enough to care about.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 58

Question
Statistical significance can be inferred from clinical significance.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 59

Question
If the statistical power of a study is increased, the sample size is also increased.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 60

Question
The “Number-needed-to-treat” is an estimation of the number of patients that need to be treated in order to have an impact on one person.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 61

Question
Big sample sizes in trials means that small discrepancies will go undetected.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 62

Question
The Pearson correlation coefficient is a measure of strength of the association between 3 variables.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 63

Question
Differences in treatment groups less than the smallest effect of clinical interest are more like to be found statistically significant when the sample size is increased.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 64

Question
Is it important for clinicians to think about the smallest amount of benefit that would justify therapy when examining a new study?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 65

Question
In some cases, outcomes of a study and research may not be considered significant by the patients, especially if the new/changed intervention involves a considerable amount of time and effort on their behalf.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 66

Question
When calculating the sample size in clinical trials, the minimum power usually recommended to have is 70% or above.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 67

Question
Whenever an effect is insignificant, all values within the confidence interval will be on the same side of zero.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 68

Question
Case reports are high quality literature, according to most levels of evidence
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 69

Question
It is not important for a researcher or clinician to know the difference between levels of evidence
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 70

Question
Clinical trials are always the best type of study design in medical experiments
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 71

Question
Exposure to confounding variables does not increase the potential risk of bias in a study design
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 72

Question
Systematic reviews are often unreliable sources of information and should not be relied upon for clinical decision making
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 73

Question
A researcher does not need to consider which study design is the most appropriate to answer their question when planning their investigation
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 74

Question
Sources of evidence higher on the hierarchy of evidence usually only investigate small populations of patients for a particular outcome
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 75

Question
Those sources higher up on the hierarchy of evidence are always superior to those below them
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 76

Question
Levels of evidence are a method of grading literature quality
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 77

Question
Debate exists about the rigidity of the hierarchy of evidence
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 78

Question
Different levels of evidence are appropriate for use depending on the setting and intended audience involved
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 79

Question
Each study design must be considered for its own strengths and weaknesses prior to selection
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 80

Question
Several models exist for the hierarchy of evidence
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 81

Question
Expert opinions are considered to be poorer quality evidence, according to most hierarchies
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 82

Question
The design of a study affects its position on the hierarchy of evidence
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 83

Question
The term 'levels of evidence' was first used and described within a 1979 report by the Canadian Health Task Force on Periodic Health Examination
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 84

Question
CINAHL stands for ‘Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature’.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 85

Question
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are the most reliable forms of evidence.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 86

Question
Randomised controlled trials are the best form of evidence in non-synthesised medical information.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 87

Question
Expert opinion has a lot of bias and is therefore located at the bottom of the hierarchy of evidence.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 88

Question
Studies that limit bias to a greater extent are considered to be better sources of evidence compared to those which don’t.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 89

Question
Randomised control trials aren't always practical or feasible.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 90

Question
A randomised control study in which participants and researchers are blinded gives a higher level of evidence and is a more reliable source.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 91

Question
Cochrane Reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in the health industry and are recognised as the highest standard and most reliable of sources in evidence-based health care resources.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 92

Question
Clinical trials and cohort studies are more reliable sources than expert opinion.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 93

Question
Double blinding lowers a sources evidence strength.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 94

Question
Randomising participants in a randomised control study makes the study less reliable as a source.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 95

Question
The levels of evidence hierarchy is very rigid and studies which are higher on the hierarchy are always better than those which are lower.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 96

Question
Meta-analyses tend to have more bias than cohort studies.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 97

Question
Meta-analyses tend to have more bias than case studies.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 98

Question
Study design has no effect on a studies’ evidence strength.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 99

Question
Expert opinion is the most reliable form of evidence.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 100

Question
There are more meta-analyses available than there are randomised control studies.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 101

Question
Systematic Reviews are rated as the ‘highest level of evidence’ in the evidence hierarchy pyramid.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 102

Question
The Cochrane Library is a database of systematic reviews and meta-­‐analyses.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 103

Question
CINAHL stands for ‘ Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature’.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 104

Question
The ‘C’ term within ‘PICO’ stands for comparison.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 105

Question
The TRIP database has a ‘PICO’ search option, which allows users to create a structured clinical question.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 106

Question
To conduct a comprehensive search more than one database should be used.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 107

Question
The ‘wildcard’ symbol can be used to find words with the same stem in order to increase the scope of successful searching.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 108

Question
‘MeSH’ is an indexing feature that stands for Medical Subject Headings.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 109

Question
‘AND’, ‘ OR’ and ‘NOT’ are terms that should never be used while searching medical databases
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 110

Question
It is often only necessary to use one database, as they are all linked and have the same results.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 111

Question
Cohort studies are rated as the ‘highest level of evidence’ in the evidence hierarchy pyramid.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 112

Question
Randomized Control Trials often provide unreliable evidence and should be overlooked when conducting searches.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 113

Question
It is always necessary to have a comparison when conducting a ‘PICO’ search.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 114

Question
Conducting a thorough search should only take around half an hour.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 115

Question
‘MeSH’ is the abbreviation for methanethiol and is irrelevant to the field of evidence-­‐based medicine.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 116

Question
Online databases are updated infrequently and as a result textbooks are often more reliable when searching for examples.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 117

Question
The P in PICO stands for Patient.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 118

Question
In PICO the outcome is the end point of interest to you or your patient.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 119

Question
In PICO the comparison is the intervention against which the intervention is measured
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 120

Question
A fifth element time is often added to the PICO list.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 121

Question
5. The strongest design for evaluation of a clinical question is a systematic review of multiple randomised clinical trials.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 122

Question
6. You can further filter your search by language, year, or age group.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 123

Question
7. Choosing the right key words and search strategy and using appropriate databases are essential starting points. 8. Advanced searching includes the use of the medical subject headings thesaurus and other strategies to refine and focus the search.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 124

Question
What matters to the practitioner are the most important outcomes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 125

Question
PICO stands for Patient, Interaction, Comparison and Outcome.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 126

Question
PubMed is not a credible source when researching an article.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 127

Question
Using Mesh headings are irrelevant to the search strategy.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 128

Question
CINAHL is not useful when studying nursing as a prime database.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 129

Question
Having the same search strategy across databases is not necessary.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 130

Question
Endnote is a good database when looking for a systematic review.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 131

Question
When searching for a article filters are unnecessary and time consuming.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 132

Question
The database for nursing and allied health studies is called CINAHL.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 133

Question
The outcome in the ‘P I C O’ principle refers to patient-­‐relevant consequences of the intervention.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 134

Question
The AND operator is used when you wish to recall those records containing both search terms.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 135

Question
The intervention in the ‘P I C O’ principle refers to the management strategy of interest.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 136

Question
Medical subject headings (MeSH terms) are a controlled vocabulary device used by the National Library of Medicine to cross-­‐reference every Medline article.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 137

Question
The OR operator is used when at least one of the terms must appear in the record, broadening the search and increasing the number of citations received.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 138

Question
The wildcard symbol can be used to find all of the words with the same stem.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 139

Question
Boolean instructions, such as AND, OR, and NOT, operate within most databases and must be typed in upper case.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 140

Question
Finding all relevant studies that have addressed a single question is an easy task.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 141

Question
The NOT operator is used to retrieve records containing both search terms.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 142

Question
PubMed does not retain previous search results on the ‘history’ function on the features bar.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 143

Question
Additional terms cannot be added to an existing search, and therefore multiple searches cannot be combined.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 144

Question
The population in the ‘P I C O’ principle refers to the total population in the patient’s household.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 145

Question
The abstract must not be used as a ‘starting point’ to assist the reader in determining the relevance of the study.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 146

Question
All research questions must contain the comparison component of the ‘P I C O’ principle.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 147

Question
There is no database for psychological studies.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 148

Question
Statistical significance tells us how confident we can be when an effect of an intervention is true/real.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 149

Question
Statistical significance does not tell us if the impact is large enough to be implemented.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 150

Question
Statistical significance is a mathematical phenomenon.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 151

Question
Statistical significance depends on sample size, precision of data and effect size.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 152

Question
Statistical significance looks at the 95% confidence interval.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 153

Question
p values and confidence intervals (CI) are the most commonly used measures of statistical significance.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 154

Question
If a small effect size is found, the treatment may not be clinically important.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 155

Question
The null hypothesis is the basis for formal testing of statistical significance
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 156

Question
Clinical significance does not measure how large the differences in treatment effects in clinical practice.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 157

Question
The 35% CI is used to measure statistical significance.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 158

Question
If the sample size is large, the clinical significance will always be large.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 159

Question
The higher the statistical significance the higher the clinical outcome.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 160

Question
Clinical significance is not of importance to a treatment effect.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 161

Question
Statistical significance equates to clinical usefulness.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 162

Question
To be clinically useful, the therapy must do more harm than good.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 163

Question
If a hazard ratio is less than 1,it is not statistically significant.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 164

Question
When a sample size is large, differences that are minute can be detected.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 165

Question
When judging clinical significance 95% confidence intervals should be considered over p-­‐ values for large sample sizes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 166

Question
Clinical significant results make enough of a difference to change the method of practice.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 167

Question
Clinical significance is judging whether the values in the confidence intervals are large enough to care about.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 168

Question
When studies have very large sample sizes, p-­‐values can be considered almost obsolete.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 169

Question
Any effect no matter how small, can be seen as statistically significant if the sample size is large enough.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 170

Question
A clinician should decide that the study was large enough and the confidence intervals were small enough to warrant clinical significance.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 171

Question
To determine whether a positive result is clinically significant, the lower boundary of the confidence interval should be looked at.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 172

Question
When a p-­‐value is <0.05 the result is considered clinically significant.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 173

Question
A clinical board must reach a unanimous decision to define a result as clinically significant.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 174

Question
Statistical significance shows whether confidence intervals include the null value.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 175

Question
Statistical p-­‐values are most helpful for finding clinical significance, when looking at huge sample sizes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 176

Question
The larger a sample size is the wider a confidence interval becomes, reducing the relevance of statistical significance.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 177

Question
P-­‐values depend on the overall sample size, proving clinical significance with large enough numbers.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 178

Question
As huge studies become more prevalent, the difference between clinical significance and statistically significance are becoming irreverent.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 179

Question
Thresholds which patients would consider important in terms of treatment, can not define whether a result is clinically significant.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 180

Question
RCT’s are not always practical. This may be due to ethical issues.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 181

Question
An example of a retrospective study design is a case-­‐control study.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 182

Question
The hierarchy of evidence provides a guide towards categorising clinical research.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 183

Question
Studies that limit bias to the greatest extent are higher levels of evidence.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 184

Question
The first step in assessing the validity of a research study is to determine study design.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 185

Question
A systematic review would be an effective trial design to research which NSAID is the least likely to cause a heart attack.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 186

Question
Strengths of case reports and case series study designs are that they are cheap and relatively easy do with existing medical records.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 187

Question
A limitation when using a cohort study design for rare diseases may be that there are not enough patients to be statistically or clinically significant.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 188

Question
RCT’s are generally very inexpensive study designs.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 189

Question
Expert opinion is a higher level of evidence than a case report.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 190

Question
The strength of a case-­‐control study design is that you can study a number of diseases and outcomes at any given time.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 191

Question
Cohort studies are not ideal for etiology, harm or prognosis.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 192

Question
Using the term 'safe' to a consumer is preferred rather than using the term 'low risk' as it gives consumer 100% confidence.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 193

Question
It is not appropriate to ask a patient if there is a particular side effect they are concerned about, always list every possible side effect.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 194

Question
Clinical trials never involve human experiments.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 195

Question
Case reports, case series and cross-­‐sectional studies are all longitudinal studies.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 196

Question
Systematic reviews is used as a stronger evidence as compared to the expert opinions.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 197

Question
All health professionals should use appropriate language for communication that is understandable to all level of patients.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 198

Question
Visual demonstration is the convenient way to convey the health message across the patients with poor literacy level.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 199

Question
It is the responsibility of the health care provider to provide the effective treatment to the patient.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 200

Question
Strong research method will not only help to get the better outcomes but it also prevent from getting the misleading result, which might be harmful for the patient.
Answer
  • True
  • False
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