Psychology Final Exam study guide

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everything that needs to be known
Mark Caballero
Quiz by Mark Caballero, updated more than 1 year ago
Mark Caballero
Created by Mark Caballero over 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

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Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for
Answer
  • discerning human similarities and differences.
  • avoiding operational definitions.
  • making psychology free of value judgments.
  • To make Psychology less complicated

Question 2

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Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
Answer
  • Childhood memories and psychological disorders.
  • Philosophy and phsiology
  • natural selection and genetic predispositions.
  • thought process and brain functions

Question 3

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Clinical psychologists specialize in
Answer
  • providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.
  • providing therapy to troubled people.
  • animal research.
  • constructing surveys

Question 4

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the specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
Answer
  • clinical psychologist.
  • psychiatrist
  • personality psychologist
  • developmental psychologist

Question 5

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correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
Answer
  • vary together.
  • influence each other
  • are random samples
  • are dependent variables

Question 6

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A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +1.00 would indicate that
Answer
  • it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating frequency.
  • more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
  • less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
  • physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.

Question 7

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Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate
Answer
  • overconfidence.
  • hindsight bias
  • the placebo effect
  • random sampling

Question 8

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Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned
Answer
  • to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.
  • in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
  • to that group by chance.
  • to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.

Question 9

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Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of
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  • unconscious motives.
  • conditioned responses
  • mental processes
  • clinical psychology

Question 10

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A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)
Answer
  • control condition
  • hypothesis
  • replication
  • operational definition

Question 11

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Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
Answer
  • overconfidence
  • random assignment
  • the double-blind procedure
  • operational definitions

Question 12

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Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's
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  • genetic predispositions
  • childhood memories
  • unconscious thought processes
  • potential for healthy growth.

Question 13

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From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of
Answer
  • unconscious conflicts
  • conscious thoughts and feelings
  • observable behavior
  • genetic influences

Question 14

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The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.
Answer
  • massed practice and spaced practice
  • genes and experience
  • unconscious and conscious motives
  • behavior and mental processes

Question 15

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Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates
Answer
  • random assignment
  • overconfidence
  • the placebo effect
  • naturalistic observation

Question 16

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The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
Answer
  • overestimates the importance of operational definitions.
  • is based on naturalistic observation.
  • may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
  • leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.

Question 17

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The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.
Answer
  • the double-blind procedure
  • random sampling
  • hindsight bias
  • positive expectations

Question 18

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Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves
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  • debriefing
  • evaluating evidence
  • case study
  • informed consent

Question 19

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A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between
Answer
  • genetics and eye color
  • bone density and body size
  • self-esteem and popularity
  • neurotransmitters and depression

Question 20

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Auditory stimulation is first processed in the ________ lobes.
Answer
  • temporal
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • parietal

Question 21

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Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by
Answer
  • sensory neurons
  • interneurons
  • glial cells
  • motor neurons

Question 22

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The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called
Answer
  • reuptake.
  • an action potential
  • polarization
  • homeostasis

Question 23

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Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the
Answer
  • cell body.
  • myelin sheath
  • axon
  • dendrites

Question 24

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Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing
Answer
  • . identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together.
  • identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart
  • identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together.
  • identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart.

Question 25

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An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to Select one:
Answer
  • fear dangerous animals
  • love their own children
  • seek healthy looking mates
  • do all of these things

Question 26

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neural networks refer to
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  • neural cables containing many axons
  • the branching extensions of a neuron
  • junctions between sending and receiving neurons
  • interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system

Question 27

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Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
Answer
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • amygdala
  • medulla

Question 28

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If your ________ is destroyed, the left side of your brain could not control the movements of your right hand.
Answer
  • amygdala
  • corpus callosum
  • hippocampus
  • brainstem

Question 29

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The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates
Answer
  • mutations.
  • natural selection.
  • environmental influences
  • heredity.

Question 30

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The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the
Answer
  • thalamus.
  • cerebellum.
  • medulla
  • amygdala

Question 31

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A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called
Answer
  • reuptake
  • the action potential
  • the synapse
  • polarization

Question 32

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The principle of natural selection was first advanced by
Answer
  • Lyudmila trut
  • dimitry belyaev
  • Richard dawkins
  • charles darwin

Question 33

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The central nervous system consists of
Answer
  • somatic and autonomic systems.
  • . sensory and motor neurons.
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
  • the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 34

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A synapse is a(n)
Answer
  • chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.
  • neural cable containing many axons
  • junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
  • automatic response to sensory input

Question 35

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The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems.
Answer
  • somatic
  • peripheral
  • autonomic
  • sympathetic

Question 36

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An axon is
Answer
  • the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
  • a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.
  • a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
  • a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.

Question 37

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The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the
Answer
  • nucleus accumbens
  • corpus callosum.
  • pons
  • amygdala.

Question 38

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The parasympathetic nervous system
Answer
  • stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
  • inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
  • inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat.
  • stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat.

Question 39

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Gender identity refers to
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  • the set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • the sense of being male or female.
  • one's biological sex.
  • how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.

Question 40

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Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Which of the following most clearly highlights Mr. Eskenazi's gender typing of his children?
Answer
  • evolutionary psychology
  • cognitive neuroscience
  • social learning theory
  • Freudian psychology

Question 41

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A boy who exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the influence of
Answer
  • puberty.
  • gender typing.
  • primary sex characteristics
  • the X chromosome.

Question 42

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When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Vijay does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Vijay's behavior best illustrates the importance of
Answer
  • gender identity.
  • menarche.
  • testosterone.
  • gender roles

Question 43

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Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates the importance of
Answer
  • the Y chromosome.
  • gender schemas
  • primary sex characteristics.
  • testosterone.

Question 44

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Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of
Answer
  • eating disorders
  • antisocial personality disorders.
  • color blindness.
  • autism

Question 45

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Gender typing refers to the acquisition of
Answer
  • a traditional masculine or feminine role.
  • secondary sex characteristics.
  • expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • a sense of being either male or female.

Question 46

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The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a
Answer
  • gender schema
  • gender identity.
  • gender role.
  • gender type.

Question 47

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A gender role refers to
Answer
  • a sense of being male or female.
  • a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • a sense of being transgender.
  • one's birth sex.

Question 48

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Compared with females, males use conversation to
Answer
  • obtain feedback on their views.
  • offer support.
  • explore relationships.
  • communicate solutions

Question 49

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Compared with boys, girls are more likely to play in ________ groups.
Answer
  • small
  • unsupervised
  • mixed age
  • comeptitive

Question 50

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The roles assigned to women and men
Answer
  • have been pretty much the same in all historical time periods.
  • differ widely across cultures
  • are pretty much the same in all cultures.
  • differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.

Question 51

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A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time when talking to other women than men do when talking to other men.
Answer
  • fewer; shorter
  • fewer; longer
  • more; longer
  • more; shorter

Question 52

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Social learning theory emphasizes that
Answer
  • observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
  • children only learn gender-typed behaviors if they have been directly rewarded for them.
  • children will not learn gender-typed behaviors if the same-sex parent is absent from the home.
  • all of these statements are true.

Question 53

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Although Wendy is genetically male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Wendy could best be described as
Answer
  • asexual
  • bisexual
  • transgender
  • intersex

Question 54

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The first appearance of secondary sex characteristics is most likely to be associated with the onset of
Answer
  • the x chromosome
  • gender identity
  • puberty
  • transgender

Question 55

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Maturation refers to
Answer
  • biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
  • any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development
  • the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors.
  • the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.

Question 56

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According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
Answer
  • parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.
  • incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
  • adjusting current schemas to make sense of new experiences.
  • developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.

Question 57

Question
Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?
Answer
  • Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
  • Larry and Laura, brother and sister
  • Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son
  • Philip and Paul, fraternal twins

Question 58

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A child's temperament is likely to be
Answer
  • a product of parenting style.
  • stable over time.
  • a reflection of his or her thinking.
  • Difficulty: Difficult to observe.

Question 59

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According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to
Answer
  • integrity
  • autonomy
  • intimacy
  • generativity

Question 60

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At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are
Answer
  • authoritarian.
  • authoritative
  • conservative.
  • permissive.

Question 61

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Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
Answer
  • withdraw a limb to escape pain.
  • look longer at face-like images.
  • open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
  • turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face.

Question 62

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Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.
Answer
  • conventional
  • permissive
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian

Question 63

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Cognition refers to
Answer
  • any process of change that accompanies maturation.
  • any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.
  • the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
  • an emotional tie linking one person with another.

Question 64

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Most victims of childhood sexual abuse become normal adults. This best illustrates
Answer
  • object permanence.
  • egocentrism.
  • resilience.
  • conservation.

Question 65

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Erik Erikson suggested that the major psychosocial task of middle adulthood was to discover a sense of contributing to the world by being productive. According to Erikson, those who do this effectively demonstrate
Answer
  • generativity.
  • intuition.
  • integrity.
  • autonomy

Question 66

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According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.
Answer
  • preconventional
  • concrete operational
  • postconventional
  • conventional

Question 67

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Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of
Answer
  • moral intuitions.
  • moral reasoning
  • the achievement of identity.
  • self-awareness.

Question 68

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According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet
Answer
  • achieved a sense of autonomy.
  • solidified a sense of identity
  • strived for a sense of competence.
  • experienced a sense of basic trust.

Question 69

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According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
Answer
  • a failure to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.
  • the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
  • young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure.
  • a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.

Question 70

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The cocktail party effect provides an example of
Answer
  • change blindness.
  • hypnagogic sensations.
  • selective attention
  • REM rebound.

Question 71

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a disinhibitor is a substance that makes you less impulsive
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 72

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Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
Answer
  • neurotransmitter
  • disinhibition
  • neuroadaptive
  • psychoactive

Question 73

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Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a
Answer
  • signal detector.
  • sensory adaptation.
  • perceptual set
  • difference threshold.

Question 74

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Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called
Answer
  • top-down processing
  • prosopagnosia.
  • signal detection.
  • priming.

Question 75

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Patients who have negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of
Answer
  • top-down processing.
  • difference thresholds.
  • sensory adaptation.
  • priming.

Question 76

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For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called
Answer
  • telepathy.
  • kinesthesis.
  • synesthesia
  • tinnitus.

Question 77

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A gestalt is best described as a(n)
Answer
  • binocular cue.
  • illusion.
  • monocular cue.
  • organized whole.

Question 78

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Parapsychology refers to the
Answer
  • study of synesthesia.
  • study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis
  • direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
  • study of perceptual illusions.

Question 79

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Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called
Answer
  • olfaction.
  • the vestibular sense.
  • sensory interaction.
  • kinesthesis

Question 80

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Rods are
Answer
  • less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.
  • more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones
  • less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.
  • more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.

Question 81

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Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
Answer
  • feature detectors
  • bipolar cells
  • rods
  • cones

Question 82

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Accommodation refers to the
Answer
  • process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.
  • process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages.
  • quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.
  • diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

Question 83

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A mental set is most likely to inhibit
Answer
  • confirmation bias.
  • belief perseverance.
  • overconfidence.
  • creativity.

Question 84

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Experts would agree that intelligence is mental ability to learn from experience.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 85

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A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates
Answer
  • insight.
  • divergent thinking
  • convergent thinking.
  • intuition.

Question 86

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The heritability of intelligence refers to
Answer
  • the extent to which the distribution of intelligence scores of a group approximates a normal curve.
  • the proportion of variation in intelligence among individuals that is attributable to genetic variation.
  • the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
  • a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Question 87

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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)
Answer
  • concept.
  • heuristic.
  • prototype.
  • algorithm.

Question 88

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People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates
Answer
  • mental set.
  • the availability heuristic.
  • the framing effect.
  • belief perseverance.

Question 89

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Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by
Answer
  • confirmation bias.
  • framing.
  • the availability heuristic.
  • belief perseverance.

Question 90

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Semantics refers to the
Answer
  • early speech stage in which a child speaks in two-word sentences.
  • rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.
  • ability to understand what is said to us.
  • orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.

Question 91

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Conditioning is the process of
Answer
  • discrimination.
  • observational learning.
  • spontaneous recovery.
  • learning associations.

Question 92

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In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the
Answer
  • unconditioned reinforcer
  • unconditioned stimulus.
  • conditioned reinforcer.
  • conditioned stimulus.

Question 93

Question
A child learns to stop fighting with his brother when the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a
Answer
  • positive reinforcer.
  • negative reinforcer.
  • positive punishment.
  • negative punishment.

Question 94

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Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
Answer
  • positive reinforcer
  • negative reinforcer.

Question 95

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Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
Answer
  • negative reinforcer
  • positive reinforcer.

Question 96

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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
Answer
  • associative learning
  • continuous reinforcement.
  • modeling.
  • respondent behavior.

Question 97

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A mnemonic is a
Answer
  • long-term memory.
  • memory aid.
  • sensory memory.
  • test or measure of memory.

Question 98

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chunking refers to the organization of information in to large groups not meaningful ones
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 99

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process of encoding refers to getting info into memory
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 100

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process of getting info out of memory is called
Answer
  • retrieval
  • ejection
  • extraction
  • memory taking

Question 101

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Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing
Answer
  • source amnesia.
  • flashbulb memories
  • amnesia.

Question 102

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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
Answer
  • motivated forgetting
  • retrograde amnesia.
  • source amnesia.

Question 103

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Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
Answer
  • implicit memory.
  • working memory.
  • deep processing.
  • automatic processing.

Question 104

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Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
Answer
  • implicit
  • sensory.
  • short-term

Question 105

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According to Freud, the unconscious is
Answer
  • a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.
  • the part of personality that cannot process information.
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
  • a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.

Question 106

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The MMPI is an example of a(n)
Answer
  • personality inventory
  • self-esteem test.
  • projective test.

Question 107

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In response to stress, the adrenal glands release
Answer
  • epinephrine.
  • serotonin

Question 108

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Psychologists define stress as
Answer
  • physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.
  • the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.

Question 109

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A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people
Answer
  • sleep well.
  • have an active religious faith.
  • are young or old.
  • have a happy marriage.

Question 110

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One of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of
Answer
  • character strengths
  • the relaxation response.
  • self-control.

Question 111

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Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the
Answer
  • rats could control the termination of the shocks.
  • shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life.
  • shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food.

Question 112

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Subjective well-being refers to
Answer
  • self-perceived happiness
  • emotional-focused coping.

Question 113

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An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)
Answer
  • instinct.
  • drive.

Question 114

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The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
Answer
  • to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
  • an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
  • the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
  • to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.

Question 115

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Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
Answer
  • self-transcendence needs.
  • self-actualization needs.

Question 116

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A disorder in which a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and disordered perceptions is a
Answer
  • psychosis.
  • dissociation.

Question 117

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In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a “word salad”?
Answer
  • schizophrenia
  • panic disorder

Question 118

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The onset of schizophrenia is typically associated with early
Answer
  • adulthood
  • adolescence.
  • childhood.
  • infancy.

Question 119

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Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)
Answer
  • dissociative disorder
  • antisocial personality disorder.

Question 120

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A basic element of all effective psychotherapies is the
Answer
  • escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy
  • client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.
  • professional training and experience of the therapist.

Question 121

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A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is
Answer
  • active listening.
  • free association
  • operant conditioning

Question 122

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A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who
Answer
  • uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.
  • prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting.
  • emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies.

Question 123

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Counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses are
Answer
  • systematic desensitization and free association.
  • aversive conditioning and exposure therapies.
  • unconditional positive regard and transference.

Question 124

Question
Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to
Answer
  • focus more on other people's feelings than on their own.
  • take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions
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