Principles 1 (Week 1)

What are qualities of an ideal drug?

The intensity of a drug response is determined by _______________.

What is NOT part of the nurse's responsibilities regarding patient care and drug administration?

Drug discovery can involve which approaches?

Preclinical drug screening involves [blank_start]biological assay[blank_end]s of animal systems to define activity and selectivity of a drug. Pharmacological profiles are also examined, including binding affinity, [blank_start]efficacy[blank_end], and effect of cytochrome P450 enzymes. I a compound is identified as a potentially successful new drug, then it is termed a [blank_start]lead compound[blank_end].

Match the phase of the FDA approval process in humans to its description. [blank_start]Phase 2[blank_end] - Drug is studied for the first time in patients with target disease to determine efficacy. Sample size will be in the hundreds. [blank_start]Phase 3[blank_end] - Evaluation in a sample size of thousands to establish further safety and efficacy. [blank_start]Phase 1[blank_end] - Safe dosage is established in a small group of 25-50 healthy volunteers.

Five of the six drugs causing deaths in the past several years were painkillers.

Clozapine is a drug that is responsible for both a large number of reported deaths and a large number of adverse events.

Estrogens, insulins, interferon-beta, paroxetine, warfarin, and fentanyl are responsible for a large number of nonfatal adverse events.

In general, the FDA considers generic drugs unequal to brand-name drugs.

[blank_start]Pharmacokinetics[blank_end] is described as 'what the body does to the drug,' and involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug. All of these processes require passage of a drug through cell membranes. [blank_start]Pharmacodynamics[blank_end] is described as 'what the drug does to the body.' This is the effect and mechanism of action of the drug.

A drug's target is usually a __________.

A receptor's function is to do what?

Which phases of pharmacokinetics involve the passage of the drug across membranes?

In order to cross lipid bilayers, drugs must be at least somewhat lipid soluble.

What is the most common way that drugs cross membranes?

Polar molecules have excellent lipid solubility, and nonpolar molecules have poor lipid solubility.

[blank_start]Polar[blank_end] groups include OH, COOH, NH3, and NH2. [blank_start]Nonpolar[blank_end] groups include aromatic ring structures, lines of carbons, and methyl groups.

What is NOT true about ions?

[blank_start]Acidic[blank_end] drugs will accumulate in an alkaline compartment, and [blank_start]basic[blank_end] drugs will accumulate in an acidic compartment.

ASA has a pKa of 3.5. Where will it accumulate and why?

What kind of drugs will be ion-trapped in the renal ultrafiltrate if the urine pH is lowered by large doses of ascorbic acid, and will this lead to better or worse excretion?

Many drugs of abuse are basic drugs, and large doses of ascorbic acid are often used to improve elimination of these drugs.

The rate of transfer of a drug is determined by what?