RAD 100: Patient Care

What are the two systems of measurements?

[blank_start]1[blank_end] Gy = [blank_start]100[blank_end] rad [blank_start]1[blank_end] rad = [blank_start]1[blank_end] cGy

X-rays can ionize substances by removing electrons from their orbits. This process results in a free, [blank_start]negatively[blank_end] charged electron and leaves the remainder of the atom with a [blank_start]positive[blank_end] charge

Laws of Bergonié and Tribondeau 1. Age. [blank_start]Younger[blank_end] cells are more sensitive than [blank_start]older[blank_end] ones. 2. Differentiation. [blank_start]Nonspecialized[blank_end] cells are more sensitive than [blank_start]highly complex[blank_end] ones. 3. Metabolic rate. Cells that use energy [blank_start]rapidly[blank_end] are more sensitive than those with a [blank_start]slower[blank_end] metabolism. 4. Mitotic rate. Cells that divide and multiply rapidly are [blank_start]more[blank_end] sensitive than those that replicate slowly.

Nerve and cortical bone cells are insensitive to radiation.

Short term effects are observed within how much time of exposure?

Short term effects are associated with high doses greater than [blank_start]50[blank_end] cGy

Short-term effects can be further categorized according to the body system affected: central nervous system, gastrointestinal, and hematologic (blood-related) effects.

[blank_start]Somatic effects[blank_end]: Those that affect the body of the irradiated individual directly [blank_start]Genetic effects[blank_end]: Occur as a result of damage to the reproductive cells of the irradiated person and may be observed as defects in the children or grandchildren of the irradiated individual

The time required for long-term effects to manifest is generally considered to be [blank_start]5[blank_end] to [blank_start]30[blank_end] years, with the greatest percentage occurring between [blank_start]10[blank_end] and [blank_start]15[blank_end] years

Genes that are expressed are said to be [blank_start]dominant[blank_end], and those that are not expressed are called [blank_start]recessive[blank_end]. Mutated genes are usually [blank_start]recessive[blank_end]

What is the most common method of dose reduction used by radiographers?

For occupationally exposed personnel, the upper effective dose (ED) limit is [blank_start]50[blank_end] mSv ([blank_start]5[blank_end] rem) per year. This limit applies to workers older than [blank_start]18[blank_end] years who are not pregnant, and it is assumed to be a whole-body dose. These limits apply to occupational exposure only

Patient dose is directly proportional to the [blank_start]mAs[blank_end]

The combination of high kVp and low mAs is referred to as what kind of exposure?

[blank_start]Shadow shields[blank_end]: Shields attached to the collimator [blank_start]Contact shields[blank_end]: Shields placed on or near the patient

The [blank_start]top[blank_end] of the male shield is placed 0 to 1 inches inferior to the symphysis pubis. The [blank_start]lower[blank_end] edge of the female shield is placed 0 to 1 inches superior to the symphysis pubis.

The greatest risks for spontaneous abortion, fetal death, and significant birth defects exist when significant levels of exposure occur during what trimester of pregnancy?

The ED limit of whole body radiation for a pregnant worker is 30 mSv over a 9 month period

Short-term, predictable radiation effects typically occur as a result of:

The term radiation sickness refers to:

What is the federal agency governing workplace safety in the United States?

The three components that must be present for a fire to burn are a flammable substance (fuel), oxygen, and heat.

Hospital fires can be traced to what cause(s)?

[blank_start]Class A[blank_end]: Involves solid common combustibles, such as paper or wood [blank_start]Class K[blank_end]: Involves cooking media, for example oils and animal fats [blank_start]Class D[blank_end]: Involve certain combustible solids, such as metal alloys [blank_start]Class C[blank_end]: Involve electrical equipment or wiring [blank_start]Class B[blank_end]: Involve flammable liquids or gases

Dry chemical extinguisher is suitable for what classification(s) of fire?

Which of the following is not a typical component of a spill kit?

Latex gloves should be used when cleaning up hazardous materials.

What federal agency is concerned with the safe disposal of hazardous waste?

[blank_start]Ergonomics[blank_end]: The study of the human body in relation to the working environment [blank_start]Body mechanics[blank_end]: The principles of proper body alignment, movement, and balance

The body is most stable when the center of gravity is [blank_start]nearest[blank_end] the center of the base of support.

Bending and twisting the back while lifting is a common cause of back strain

The most common injury reported by health care workers are muscoskeletal disorders

80% of sonographers experience some form of work related injury, usually in the form of RMIs and RSIs affecting the shoulder, arm, or wrist.

MSDS documents are likely to be needed in the event of:

[blank_start]Pathogens[blank_end]: Disease causing organisms [blank_start]Normal flora[blank_end]: Beneficial organisms

[blank_start]Anaerobes[blank_end]: Bacteria that will not grow in the presence of oxygen [blank_start]Obligate aerobes[blank_end]: Bacteria that require oxygen to grow [blank_start]Facultative organisms[blank_end]: Bacteria that can adapt and grow under oxygenated and non-oxygenated conditions

Endospores are a resistant form of the bacterium that is produced within the cell when environmental conditions are unfavorable

Microorganisms that live on or inside the body without causing disease are referred to as:

Bacteria can be classified or grouped based on:

Microorganisms classified as acid-fast are a type of:

HAI stands for an infection that was formerly referred to as:

The most complete source of information about infectious diseases in the United States is the:

The risk of contracting HIV from a needle stick injury is:

What organization studies, collects, and compiles infection data from every country in the world and makes this information available worldwide?

Nosocomial infections occur [blank_start]48[blank_end] hours after being admitted to the hospital

Which of the following hepatitis virus(es) are transmitted through food and water contaminated with feces?

Hepatitis [blank_start]B[blank_end] is more infectious than hepatitis [blank_start]C[blank_end]

There is only a vaccine for hepatits [blank_start]A[blank_end] and [blank_start]B[blank_end]; none for [blank_start]C[blank_end]

Which of the following terms best describes assertive behavior?

Deaf patients and hearing impaired patients differ in that deaf patients:

The onset of chronic conditions is most common during which of the following life stages?

What is the order in which people deal with dying? 1. [blank_start]Denial[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Anger[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Bargaining[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Depression[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Acceptance[blank_end]

[blank_start]Attitude[blank_end]: A state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling often revealed by body position, tone of voice, or other nonverbal signals [blank_start]Manners[blank_end]: Are customs that express respect and are sometimes referred to as the oil that makes daily contacts run smoothly [blank_start]Ethnic[blank_end]: Characteristics of individuals were originally identified by specific areas of the globe [blank_start]Culture[blank_end]: Is determined by language and by the customs commonly observed

Age specific communication Neonate and Infant: Birth to [blank_start]1 year[blank_end] Toddler: [blank_start]1[blank_end] to [blank_start]2[blank_end] years Preschooler: [blank_start]3[blank_end] to [blank_start]5[blank_end] years School age: [blank_start]6[blank_end] to [blank_start]12[blank_end] years Adolescent: [blank_start]13[blank_end] to [blank_start]18[blank_end] years Young adult: [blank_start]19[blank_end] to [blank_start]45[blank_end] years Middle adult: [blank_start]46[blank_end] to [blank_start]64[blank_end] years Late adult: [blank_start]65[blank_end] to [blank_start]79[blank_end] years Old adult: [blank_start]80[blank_end] years and older

[blank_start]Virion[blank_end]: A fully developed viral particle made up of genetic material [blank_start]Prion[blank_end]: Smallest and least understood of all pathogens [blank_start]Fomite[blank_end]: An object that has been in contact with pathogenic organisms [blank_start]Vector[blank_end]: An arthropod in whose body an infectious organism develops or multiplies before becoming infectious to a new host [blank_start]Vehicle[blank_end]: Any medium that transports microorganisms

What is the classification and mode of transmission for the following respiratory diseases? Giardiasis: [blank_start]Protozoan[blank_end] / [blank_start]Vehicle, contact[blank_end] Whooping cough: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] / [blank_start]Droplet[blank_end] Pneumonia, thrush in infants: [blank_start]Fungus[blank_end] / [blank_start]Droplet[blank_end] Salmonellosis: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] / [blank_start]Vehicle, contact[blank_end] Tuberculosis: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] / [blank_start]Airborne[blank_end] Infectious diarrhea: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] / [blank_start]Vehicle, contact[blank_end] Mumps: [blank_start]Virus[blank_end] / [blank_start]Droplet[blank_end] Strep throat: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] / [blank_start]Droplet[blank_end] Poliomyelitis: [blank_start]Virus[blank_end] / [blank_start]Vehicle, contact[blank_end] Diphtheria: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] / [blank_start]Droplet[blank_end]

What is the classification for the following genitourinary tract diseases? Cystitis, nephritis: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] Herpes: [blank_start]Virus[blank_end] Gonorrhea: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] Syphilis: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end]

What is the classification and mode of transmission for the following skin diseases? Chicken pox, shingles: [blank_start]Virus[blank_end] / [blank_start]Contact[blank_end], [blank_start]Airborne[blank_end] Surgical wound infection: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] / [blank_start]Contact[blank_end] Blisters: [blank_start]Virus[blank_end] / [blank_start]Contact[blank_end] Boils, wound infection: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] / [blank_start]Contact[blank_end] Ringworm, athlete's foot: [blank_start]Fungus[blank_end] / [blank_start]Contact[blank_end] Measles: [blank_start]Virus[blank_end] / [blank_start]Airborne[blank_end]

What is the classification and mode of transmission for the following blood diseases? Malaria: [blank_start]Protozoan[blank_end] / [blank_start]Vectors[blank_end] Typhoid fever: [blank_start]Bacterium[blank_end] / [blank_start]Vehicle[blank_end], [blank_start]contact[blank_end]

Put the cycle of infection in order 1. [blank_start]Infectious organisms[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Reservoir of infection[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Portal of exit[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Susceptible host[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Port of entry[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]Transmission of disease[blank_end]

[blank_start]Passive Immunity[blank_end]: Occurs following an injection of performed antibodies to a particular infection [blank_start]Acquired immunity[blank_end]: Occurs when an individual develops antibodies to a particular organism as a result of either infection or immunization [blank_start]Natural resistance[blank_end]: Provided by mechanical barriers of intact skin and mucous membranes

Patients on antibiotics are least susceptible to healthcare associated infections

[blank_start]Disinfection[blank_end]: The destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials [blank_start]Sterilization[blank_end]: Treating items with heat, gas, or chemicals to make them germ free

Health care workers and visitors entering the room of an infectious person under airborne precaution must wear masks that can filter particles that are [blank_start]1[blank_end] microns in size.

Patients under airborne precautions are placed in rooms with positive airflow

No special air circulation is required in rooms containing patients under droplet precautions

Under the system of protective precautions, the radiographer who positions the patient is the "dirty" member of the team

Label the image

It is important to check the patient chart for I&O orders when patients:

Which of the following positions is considered safe for a patient who is nauseated and may vomit?

The definition of decubitus ulcers is tissue death due to:

It is most comfortable for a patient with abdominal pain to be positioned:

Which position is helpful when treating patients suffering from shock?

Decubitus ulcers is also known as bed-sores