BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 5

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Stage I The University of Auckland BIOSCI 101 Quiz on BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 5, created by Eilidh Young on 09/06/2017.
Eilidh Young
Quiz by Eilidh Young, updated more than 1 year ago
Eilidh Young
Created by Eilidh Young almost 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
NATURAL SELECTION Natural selection is the process in which [blank_start]individuals[blank_end] with certain [blank_start]heritable[blank_end] traits survive and reproduce at a [blank_start]higher[blank_end] rate than those without said traits.
Answer
  • individuals
  • populations
  • heritable
  • non-heritable
  • higher
  • lower

Question 2

Question
Which of these statements is FALSE with regards to natural selection?
Answer
  • Selection acts on the genotype, not the phenotype (trait); it can act only indirectly on the phenotype.
  • The heritability of phenotypic characters, sets the limits of natural selection.
  • Phenotypic characters or traits can be controlled by single genes or by polygenic inheritance.
  • It is populations and not individuals that evolve.
  • In terms of genetics, selection results in changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next.

Question 3

Question
If an individual is physically strong and lives a long life but has no offspring, it is still sit in a Darwinian sense.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 4

Question
FITNESS Darwinian fitness refers to the ability to [blank_start]survive[blank_end] and reproduce, it considers both [blank_start]viability[blank_end] and [blank_start]fecundity[blank_end]. Fitness depends on the [blank_start]environment[blank_end], the fittest individual during an ice age is probably not the fittest individual once the ice age is over. [blank_start]Absolute fitness (W)[blank_end] is a measure of the total number of offspring an individual produces. [blank_start]Relative fitness (w)[blank_end] is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other individuals. Although it is often referred to as the relative fitness of a genotype, it is the [blank_start]whole organism[blank_end] that is subject to selection not the [blank_start]genotype[blank_end].
Answer
  • survive
  • die
  • viability
  • gene pool
  • fecundity
  • population size
  • environment
  • government
  • era
  • Absolute fitness (W)
  • Relative fitness (w)
  • Relative fitness (w)
  • Absolute fitness (W)
  • whole organism
  • genotype
  • genotype
  • whole organism

Question 5

Question
CALCULATING RELATIVE FITNESS Relative fitness is the absolute fitness of an individual relative to the absolute fitness of the fittest individual in the population (w), w can range from 0 to 1.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 6

Question
MAJOR TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION Natural selection can change the frequency distribution of a heritable trait in three ways: 1. [blank_start]Directional selection[blank_end] occurs when one of the extremes is favoured, driving the population in a particular direction. Directional selection is common when an environment changes or when individuals move to a new environment. 2. [blank_start]Disruptive selection[blank_end] occurs when the extreme phenotypes are selected at the expense of intermediate forms. 3. [blank_start]Stabilising selection[blank_end] acts against both extreme phenotypes and favours intermediates.
Answer
  • Directional selection
  • Disruptive selection
  • Stabilising selection
  • Natural selection

Question 7

Question
Match the type of natural selection with the corresponding graph.
Answer
  • Directional selection
  • Disruptive selection
  • Stabilizing selection

Question 8

Question
A selective sweep occurs when a favourable allele reaches fixation.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 9

Question
SEXUAL SELECTION Darwin described a second form of selection - [blank_start]sexual[blank_end] selection. This form of selection is the result of competition between individuals for [blank_start]mates[blank_end]. Sexual selection is argued to result in sexual di[blank_start]morph[blank_end]ism in some species.
Answer
  • sexual
  • mates
  • morph

Question 10

Question
Sexual selection can operate in two ways: 1. [blank_start]Intrasexual[blank_end] selection: individuals of the same sex competing directly, and is thought to occur between males in many species. 2. [blank_start]Intersexual[blank_end] selection: or mate choice, occurs between different sexes, and is typically argued to occur when females select males.
Answer
  • Intrasexual
  • Intersexual

Question 11

Question
HETEROZYGOTE ADVANTAGE Heterozygote advantage occurs when individuals that are [blank_start]heterozygous[blank_end] have a greater fitness than do either kind of [blank_start]homozygote[blank_end].
Answer
  • heterozygous
  • homozygous
  • homozygote
  • heterozygote

Question 12

Question
One example of heterozygote advantage is sickle-cell anaemia, in which heterozygotes are protected against the severe effects of malaria. Although sickle-cell disease is lethal if not treated in some areas the sickle-cell allele has a frequency of 15-20%.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 13

Question
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT SELECTION In frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype depends on how [blank_start]common[blank_end] it is in a population.
Answer
  • common
  • beneficial
  • lucky
  • choice as bruh

Question 14

Question
WHY NATURAL SELECTION CANNOT FASHION PERFECT ORGANISMS Natural selection can lead to adaptation but there are many non-adaptive traits. 1. Selection can only act on [blank_start]existing variation[blank_end]. New advantageous alleles [blank_start]do not arise on demand[blank_end]. 2. Evolution is limited by [blank_start]historical constraints[blank_end]. Evolution co-opts existing structures and adapts them to [blank_start]new situations[blank_end] e.g. birds and bats have not grown new limbs to serve as wings but have modified the forelimb. 3. Adaptations are often [blank_start]compromises[blank_end]. Each organism must do many things, that is, there can be many competing selective forces operating at the same time [blank_start]e.g. sexual verses natural selection[blank_end]. 4. Not all evolutionary change is [blank_start]adaptive[blank_end]. There are forces acting in evolution that do not result in adaptation [blank_start]e.g. genetic drift[blank_end]. 5. Chance, natural selection and the environment interact. Chance events can affect the evolution of a population. For example, not all the alleles in a [blank_start]founder population[blank_end] are better suited to the new environment than the alleles ‘left behind’. Environments may [blank_start]change rapidly and unpredictably[blank_end] limiting the extent to which natural selection can result in adaptation.
Answer
  • existing variation
  • do not arise on demand
  • historical constraints
  • new situations
  • compromises
  • e.g. sexual verses natural selection
  • adaptive
  • e.g. genetic drift
  • founder population
  • change rapidly and unpredictably

Question 15

Question
ADAPTATION AND EXAPTATION [blank_start]Adaptations[blank_end] are characteristics or traits that have evolved by natural selection for their current function. [blank_start]Exaptations[blank_end] are the complement of adaptations, as they are traits that have been co-opted or enlisted for a new use.
Answer
  • Adaptations
  • Exaptations

Question 16

Question
New characteristics or traits cannot arise when structures that originally had one function are used for a different function.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 17

Question
Exaptations demonstrate that a characteristic or traits current function does not always explain its origin.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
Some biologists believe that exaptation may play a much more important role in evolution than has generally been thought.
Answer
  • True
  • False
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