NLE(National Latin Exam) Prep for Latin II

Latin has four participles: Present Active, Perfect Passive, Future Active and Future Passive.  They are used far more extensively than participles in English. A. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE 1. Form: Present Stem + -ns (lauda-ns, mone-ns, duce-ns, audie-ns, capie-nsetc.) 2. Declension: Since participles are verbal adjectives, they agree with nouns and have declensional endings.  The Present Active Participle is declined exactly like an i-stem 3rd Declension adjective except for the Ablative Singular, which ends in -einstead of -i. 3. Use: The tense of a participle is relative, not absolute: the tense into which it is translated depends on the tense of the main verb in the sentence.  Present Active Participles express action that occurs at the same time as the action of the main verb, regardless of what tense the main verb is in:  Caesar, piratas capiens, ab omnibus laudatur/laudabitur/laudabatur/laudatus est.   Caesar, capturing the pirates, is/will be/was being/was praised by everybody.  Laudamus/Laudabimus/Laudabamus/Laudavimus Caesarem piratas capientem.   We praise/will praise/were praising/praised Caesar capturing the pirates.  Dona Caesari piratas capienti damus/dabimus/dabamus/dedimus.   We give/will give/were giving/gave gifts to Caesar capturing the pirates. 4. Translation: There are any number of ways to translate a Latin participial phrase: by (a) an English participle, (b) a relative clause, (c) a temporal clause, or (d) a causal clause:  Laudamus Caesarem piratas capientem.   (a) We praise Caesar capturing the pirates.   (b) We praise Caesar, who is capturing the pirates.   (c) We praise Caesar when/while he is capturing the pirates.   (d) We praise Caesar because/since he is capturing the pirates.   B. PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE 1. Form: 4th Principal Part (laudatus, monitus, ductus, auditus, captusetc.) 2. Declension: Like that of the adjective magnus,-a,-um. 3. Use: The Perfect Participle is always passive in meaning, and expresses action that occurs before that of the main verb, regardless of the tense of the main verb:  Caesar, a piratis captus, ab omnibus laudatur/laudabitur/laudabatur/ laudatus est.   Caesar, (having been) captured by pirates, is/will be/was/has been praised by...  Laudamus/Laudabimus/Laudabamus/Laudavimus Caesarem a piratis captum.   We praise/will praise/were praising/have praised Caesar captured by pirates.  Dona Caesari a piratis capto damus/dabimus/dabamus/dedimus.   We give/will give/were giving/gave gifts to Caesar captured by pirates. 4. Translation: The same variety as in A4:  Laudamus Caesarem a piratis captum.   (a) We praise Caesar (having been) captured by pirates.   (b) We praise Caesar, who has been captured by pirates.   (c) We praise Caesar when/after he has been captured by pirates.   (d) We praise Caesar because/since he has been captured by pirates. NOTE that the Latin Perfect Particple functions exactly as the Perfect Participle in English (capture, captured, have captured), i.e. as an adjective: Virum captum laudo (I praise the captured man.)  C. FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE 1. Form: Stem of 4th Principal Part + -urus,-a,-um (laudaturus, moniturus, ducturus, auditurus, capturu). 2. Declension: Like that of the adjective magnus,-a,-um. 3. Use: The Future Active Participle expresses action that occurs after the action of the main verb, regardless of the tense of the main verb:  Caesar, piratas capturus, ab omnibus laudatur/laudabitur/laudabatur/ laudatus est.   Caesar, about to capture the pirates, is/will be/was being/was praised by...  Laudamus/Laudabimus/Laudabamus/Laudavimus Caesarem piratas...

nle latin ii modg

 50 Common Latin Phrases Every College Student Should Know http://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-collegestudent-should-know While there may not be cites and countries full of people speaking Latin these days, that doesn't mean the ancient language is something you can just forget about. Not only are many of our words in English (not to mention many other languages) derived from Latin, but many of its words words are still used in today's daily speaking and writing. So while you may not need to learn to speak or read the Latin language fluently, it can still be a big help in your quest for higher education to know a few words and phrases. Here are some of the most commonly used Latin expressions that you should learn to start improving your personal lexicon. Must-Learn Terms If you don't know these Latin terms, get to learning them ASAP, as they are commonly used in speaking and writing and may be hard to avoid. 1. Per se: The direct translation of this term is "by itself" and it means just that when used in English as well. You could use it to say that you don't find chemistry boring per se (by itself, intrinsically), but this professor's voice puts you to sleep. 2. Vice versa: From the Latin meaning "to change" or "turn around," this term means to reverse the order of something. This quote from Samuel Butler provides an example, "In the midst of vice we are in virtue, and vice versa." 3. Alma mater: If you don't know this term already, you'll become quite familiar with it once you graduate from college. The literal translation is "dear/bountiful mother" but you'll find it used in everyday language to denote the college or university from which one has graduated. 4. Magnum opus: Whether it's in writing, painting, sculpture or music, this Latin term denotes the greatest work done by an artist-- a true masterpiece. 5. Bona fide: While it's literal translation means "good faith" this term has a few different shades of meaning in modern language. In legal terms, it is used to represent something that is presented without deception or fraud, or literally in good faith, honest, sincere and lawful. It is more commonly used to mean something that's the real deal or truly authentic. 6. Quasi: In Latin, this word means as if or as though and in English it is used as both an adjective in its own right and as a part of a compound word. It simply designates something that resembles something else but doesn't quite have all the same features. 7. Alter ego: Cicero coined this term, most likely taken from the Greek, to mean "a second self" or "another I" and its modern meaning hasn't changed much today. Many people have an alter ego, or another, perhaps hidden aspect of themselves. One example from popular culture is Beyonce's alter ego, Sasha Fierce.  8. Verbatim: If you repeat something verbatim you repeat it in exactly the same words, word for word with no changes and no improvisation. 9. Status quo: From the Latin meaning "the state in which" this term is used today to designate the existing state or condition of things. For example, if you're making money off of a high pollution industry it is to your interests to maintain the status quo when it comes to environmental law. Writing Knowing just what these terms and words mean can be a big help in improving your reading comprehension. 10. Sic: Found in writing, this Latin word most commonly finds a home in brackets (like this: [sic]) when quoting a statement or writing. It indicates that there is a spelling or grammar error (or just something out of the ordinary) in the original quotation and that the publication has only reproduced it faithfully, not made an error of their own. 11. Id est: You've likely seen this term in writing before, even if you weren't aware as it is commonly abbreviated to i.e. In Latin, it means "that is" and is used in English when the speaker or writer wants to give an example or explanation that specifies a...

 Level 2: MYTHOLOGY Jason and Medea Jason was the commander of the Argo and hero of the Golden Fleece. Medea was a powerful sorceress, and daughter of the King of Colchis. When Jason and the Argonauts reached Colchis in search of the Golden Fleece, Medea fell hopelessly in love with him. In return for Jason's pledge of everlasting fidelity, Medea used her magic gifts to enable him to deceive her father and obtain the fleece. Medea then sailed away from Colchis with Jason, taking her young brother with her. To escape from pursuit, Medea killed her brother and scattered his remains on the sea. The king stopped to gather them up, and the delay enabled Jason and his party to escape. Jason and Medea sailed to Greece, but after Medea murdered Jason's evil uncle, the couple fled to Corinth where their two sons were born. They lived happily there until Jason fell in love with the daughter of King Creon. In revenge for Jason‘s betrayal, Medea killed their sons. In despair over her loss, Medea threw herself into the river and drowned. Jason‘s life came to an end soon after, when he was walking on the beach and stepped on a nail that has once been part of the Argo. Odysseus Odysseus was a Greek hero, ruler of the island of Ithaca, and one of the leaders of the Greek army during the Trojan War. Homer's Odyssey recounts Odysseus's adventures and his return home ten years after the fall of Troy. Initially, Odysseus was mentioned as the son of Laertes, king of Ithaca, although in later tradition Sisyphus, the king of Corinth, was considered his real father. At first Odysseus refused to accompany the Greeks to Troy, feigning madness by sowing his fields with salt, but the Greeks placed his son Telemachus in front of the plow, and Odysseus was compelled to admit his ruse and join the invading army. Throughout the Iliad of Homer, he is portrayed as a brave warrior, and he was awarded the armor of the hero Achilles on the latter's death. Odysseus was responsible for bringing the Greek heroes Neoptolemus and Philoctetes to Troy for the final stage of the conflict. In the Odyssey it is said that he proposed the stratagem of the Trojan horse, the means by which Troy was conquered. Perseus Perseus is slayer of the Gorgon Medusa, and son of Zeus and Danaë. Warned that he would be killed by his grandson, Acrisius locked mother and child in a chest and cast them into the sea. They drifted to the island of Seriphus, where they were rescued and where Perseus grew to manhood. The King of Seriphus fell in love with Danaë, and fearing that Perseus might interfere with his plans, sent him to procure the head of Medusa, a monster whose glance turned men to stone. Aided by Hermes, messenger of the gods, Perseus made his way to the Gray Women, three old hags who shared one eye between them. Perseus took their eye and refused to return it until they gave him directions for reaching the nymphs of the north. From the nymphs he received winged sandals, a magic wallet that would fit whatever was put into it, and a cap to make him invisible. Equipped with a sword from Hermes that could never be bent or broken and a shield from the goddess Athena, which would protect him from being turned to stone, Perseus found Medusa and killed her. Invisible in his cap, he was able to escape the wrath of her sisters and with her head in the wallet flew on his winged sandals toward home. As he was passing Ethiopia, he rescued the princess Andromeda from a sea monster and took her as his wife. At Seriphus, Perseus freed his mother from the King by using Medusa's head to turn the king and his followers to stone. All then returned to Greece, where Perseus accidentally killed his grandfather Acrisius with a discus, thus fulfilling the prophecy. Theseus Theseus was the greatest Athenian hero, being the son of the king of Athens and the daughter of the king of Troezen. Theseus was brought up in Troezen, and at the age of 16 he went to Athens to claim Aegeus as his...

 Level 2: Ancient Roman History Augustus Augustus (63 BC- AD 14), first emperor of Rome (27 BC-AD 14), who restored unity and orderly government to the realm after nearly a century of civil wars. He presided over an era of peace, prosperity, and cultural achievement known as the Augustan Age. In 27 BC the Roman Senate gave Octavian the title Augustus (―consecrated,‖ or ―holy‖) by which he is known, and his reign has often been considered a dyarchy because of the Senate‘s participation in it. Hannibal Hannibal (general) (247-183 BC), Carthaginian general, son of Hamilcar Barca, whose march on Rome from Spain across the Alps in 218-217 BC remains one of the greatest feats in military history. He almost defeated Rome, winning many battles in Italy, but the inability of Carthage to get him reinforcements eventually led to his defeats in Italy, and eventually at the Battle of Zama. Caesar, Gaius Julius Caesar, Gaius Julius (100-44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman, who laid the foundations of the Roman imperial system. He was famous for his conquering of Gaul, his rise to power, and his crossing of the Rubicon, which lead to his taking control of the Roman government. He was assassinated by a plot led by Cassius and Brutus. Cleopatra Cleopatra (69-30 BC), ill-fated queen of Egypt (51-30 BC), was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes, king of Egypt. Caesar proclaimed her queen of Egypt. She married Mark Antony. Antony, Mark Antony, Mark (Latin Marcus Antonius) (83?-30 BC), Roman statesman and general, who defeated the assassins of Julius Caesar and, with Gaius Octavius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate, which ultimately secured the end of the Roman Republic. He fought for power with Caesar‘s heir, Octavian. He committed suicide by falling in his sword. Spartacus Spartacus (died 71 BC) was Roman slave and gladiator, born in Thrace. He is thought to have been a deserter from the Roman army, and he was sold as a slave to a trainer of gladiators at Capua. In 73 BC he escaped with other runaway gladiators and took refuge on Mount Vesuvius, where he was joined by large numbers of escaped slaves. As leader of the historic insurrection of Roman slaves known as the Third Servile War, or Gladiators' War, he defeated two Roman armies, and his forces overran southern Italy. In 72 BC he defeated three more Roman armies and reached Cisalpine Gaul, where he planned to disperse his followers to their homes. They decided to remain in Italy for the sake of plunder, and Spartacus marched south again. In 71 BC the Roman commander Marcus Licinius Crassus forced Spartacus and his followers into the narrow peninsula of Rhegium (now Reggio di Calabria), from which, however, they escaped through the Roman lines. Crassus then pursued Spartacus to Lucania, where the rebel army was destroyed and Spartacus was killed in battle. Punic Wars Punic Wars, name given to the three wars between Rome and Carthage in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The adjective Punic (Latin Punicus) is derived from Poeni, the name by which the Carthaginians, being of Phoenician descent, were known to the Romans. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) was the outcome of growing political and economic rivalry between the two nations. It was initiated when a band of Campanian mercenary soldiers (Mamertines), besieged in the city of Messana (now Messina), in Sicily, requested aid from both Rome and Carthage against Hiero II, king of Syracuse. Carthage already controlled part of Sicily, and the Romans, responding to this request with the intention of driving the Carthaginians from the island, provoked a declaration of war. After building their first large navy, the Romans defeated a Carthaginian fleet off the Sicilian port of Mylae (see Mylae, Battle of) in 260 BC, but failed to capture Sicily. In 256 BC a Roman army under Roman general Marcus Atilius Regulus established a base in North Africa, but the following year the Carthaginians forced it to withdraw....

Level 2: Roman Culture Recreation and entertainment: Baths- baths were meant for leisure and social gathering. In the bath buildings could be found: hot pools, cold pools, towels, steam rooms, saunas, exercise rooms, libraries, hair cutting salons…. Chariot Racing- chariot racing was a very popular and favorite sport of men in chariots pulled by either two or four horses. Gladiatorial Combats- the easiest way to describe gladiators are: they were men (usually slaves or prisoners) who were trained to fight and pretty much kill other people in combats for Roman entertainment. Stage Performances- stage performances were plays of either comedy or tragedy. At first there were only performances on holidays and religious festivals (it later became more common). Calendar terms: Kalends- Kalends fell on the first day of the month. Nones- Nones was the 7th day of the thirty-one-day months (March, May, July and October), and the 5th day of the other months. Ides- Ides fell on the 15th day of thirty-one-day months (March, May, July and October), and on the 13th day on other months. Pridie- the day before the Nones, Ides, or Kalends was called Pridie. a.d. (ante diem)- a.d. (in lower case) stands for ante diem, a term used when naming a day in terms of its relation to either the Kalends, Nones or Ides. Government and Magistrates: Consul- the Roman republic was led by two Consuls who were joint heads of the Roman state and commanders-in-chief of the army. Dictator- in times of crisis, a Dictator could be appointed. His time in office could not be longer than six months, but for his time in office he possessed the absolute power of a king. Praetor- the Praetor was in charge of the judiciary of Rome. He acted as the chief judge, apart from the consuls. Tribune- tribunes charged with protection of lives and property of plebians; their persons were inviolable; and had the power of ―veto‖ over elections, laws, decrees of the senate, and the acts of all other magistrates (except the dictator). Fasces- the fasces were bundles of rods or sticks with an axe secured in the middle. They were carried, as symbols of power, by Roman lictors in front of certain important people. Religion: Pontifex Maximus- the Pontifix Maximus was the High Priest. His chief duty was to preside at state ceremonies, but apart from that he also oversaw the calendar and chose the vestal virgins, as well as some of the priesthoods. Augures- Augures were religious officials who interpreted natural phenomena. Military terms: Legio-legions were large group the army was split into. Castra- the soldiers fortified camps at the end of each day‘s march to protect against surprise attacks and serve as refuges in case of defeat. Legatus- lieutentants were officers in military. Impedimenta- every legion brought its own baggage train and constructed its own camp every evening at the side of the road. Ceremonies: Weddings- Roman marriages were private, resting on the consent of the two partners. The wedding ceremony itself held no legal value but was used to indicate a marriage. Funerals- funerals were generally organized by professional undertakers who provided the mourning women, musicians, and sometimes dancers and mimes.

et al. --(et alii.) and others vs. -- versus ad astra -- to the stars per aspera -- through adversities (through the thorns) caveat emptor -- let the buyer beware status quo - the state in which (literal), the present state of things ars longa -- art (work) is long vita brevis -- life is short e.g. -- (Exempli gratia) for example N.B. -- (nota bene) note well, observe carefully a.m. – (ante meridiem) before noon p.m. -- (post meridiem) after noon E pluribus unum -- one out of many tempus fugit -- time flies carpe diem -- seize the day i.e. -- (id est) that is to say A.D. -- (Anno Domini) in the year of the Lord Veni vidi vici -- I came, I saw, I conquered Summa cum laude -- With highest honor per annum -- yearly Plaudite Omnes – All applaud Me Paenitet – Sorry/I am sorry Eamus – Let‘s go Bene respondisti – I answered well. Ignosce mihi – Pardon me. Surge – Rise/Get up Quid novi? – What is new Adsum – I am present Quota hora est – What time is is? Sol Lucet – The sun is shining Quis est – Who is it? Quid est – What is it? Minime – too small Vale – Farewell Ita vero – certainly Quid est nomen tibi – What is your name? Quid agis – What are you doing? Salve – Hello!,