Week 3

Con qué se relaciona la WMC? Se relaciona con el performance de higher-order cognitive tasks (reading comprehension, complex learning and reasoning).

Hay una variedad de tasks que sirven para predict el performance de muchas cognitive tasks. Hay diferentes maneras de medir estas tasks. Selecciona las correctas

Capacity = limited number of items or chunks that can be stored. WM is about memory. WMC is about = using attention to maintain or suppress information. Greater WMC = more items can be maintained as active, greater ability to control attention, not a larger memory store.

Qué es proactive interference?

Qué diferencias encontraron en el experimento de proactive interference? 1.) High-span subjects' performance decreased under cognitive load (HWMC). 2.) Low-span subjects' performance was unaffected by load (LWMC).

Diferencias entre STM y WMC

In the experiment: Low spans were: - hurt more than high spans. - substantially slower to identify the letters than high-span subjects were. - more likely to follow the natural tendency to look in the direction of the cue than were high-span subjects.

La WMC refleja conocimiento específico de las span tasks o en la que los pertinentes attentional resources are domain specific.

Cuál es la stroop task y qué resultados fueron obtenidos en este experimento?

La dichotic-listening task mide la habilidad de una persona de repetir en voz alta las palabras que le presentan en un oído y al mismo tiempo tiene que ignorar la información que se le presenta en el otro oído. Las personas con LWMc van a ser peores que los HWMC ignorando o bloquear las distracciones.

La WMC está relacionada con general fluid intelligence y executive attention.

Qué es el modal model? - assumes that information comes in from the environment and is processed first by a parallel series of brief temporary sensory memory system, flows into the short-term store also acting as working memory, responsible for the selecting and operating strategies, for rehearsal and generally serving as a global workspace.

A qué se refieren los levels of processing? A que aprender depende de la manera en la que el material es procesado.

Qué es una phonological loop? - is assumed to be specialized for holding sequences of acoustic or speech-based items. - basically a model of verbal STM. - increases span by two or three items on the rather artificial task of repeating back numbers.

Qué es una visto-spatial sketchpad? Baddeley & Hitch - function for visually and/or spatially encoded items and arrays. - controlled by the central executive.

Qué es el central executive? An attentional limited system that selects and manipulates material in the subsystems, serving as a controller that runs the whole show. - controlador de atención. - dos maneras de controlar: 1.) automática = basada en hábitos existentes. 2.) depends on an attentionally limited executive. - dividing attention between two or more tasks. - is requieren if attention has to be switched between two or more tasks.

A qué se refiere el semantic coding? Processing an item in terms of its meaning, hence relating it to other information in long-term memory.

Qué es la nonword repetition? Es un test en el que se dan pseudo words a los participantes y poco a poco incrementan su longitud. Los participantes las escuchan y las tienen que repetir. - este test se usa mucho para diagnosticar dislexia.

Qué es la phonological awareness? La habilidad que tenemos de reflect on spoken stimuli.

El psicólogo uso Alexander Romanovitch Luria fue el que desarrolló un método para influenciar el lenguaje on the control of acción. Como en las que tienes que memorizar palabras y al mismo tiempo hacer una operación matemática.

Las personas con vivid imagery tiene mejores recuerdos.

Qué es el supervisory attentional system (SAS)? - attentional control of action. - assumed to depend heavily on the frontal lobes. - able to intervene, either in favor of one or other of the competing options or else to activate strategies for seeking alternative solutions. - in the absence of control from the SAS, the patient simply reverts to habit-based control, responding automatically to any cues.

Qué es una confabulation? A recollection of something that did not happen.

Qué es un episodic buffer? - a storage system that can hold about four chunks of information in a multidimensional code. - multidimensional code, allowing the various subcomponents of working memory to interact with long-term memory.

Qué es binding? - linking of features into objects or of events into coherent episodes. - binding suggests that information can access the buffer direct from the visa-spatial and phonological subsystems and from LTM.

Engle es un autor muy importante relacionado con la Working Memory!!!

A qué se refiere el term inhibition y cómo puede ayudarnos en diferentes actividades? - Mechanisms to suppress other activities. - por ejemplo, proactive interference = tendency for earlier items to compete at retrieval with the to be recalled. If the same category is used for several successive lists, this leads to poorer recall of later lists. - interference effect proved to be reliably greater in low working memory span participants, significa que tienen menos capacidad de inhibition.

Para qué sirve la high WMC? - helps resistance to distractors. - distractors are similar to targets, higher working memory capacity is needed to resist capture. - evoked response potential (ERP) = is used to study resistance to distracting stimuli.

Cuáles son las dos diferencias individuales que podemos encontrar en la working memory?

Cuál es la diferencia entre declarative WM, procedural WM, resource sharing y task switching?

Cuál es la diferencia entre spatial working memory y object memory?

Working memory depends heavily on LTM. Working memory is a crucial link between cognition and action.

La semantic memory es un individual's store of knowledge about the world. The content of semantic memory is abstracted from actual experience and is therefore said to be conceptual. Generalmente tenemos más información en la semantic memory.

Cuál es la diferencia entre episodic memory y semantic memory? Retrograde amnesia = where someone is unable to recall events that occurred before the development of the amnesia, even though they may be able to encode and memorize new things that occur after the onset.

Semantic dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by GRADUAL DETERIORATION OF SEMANTIC MEMORY. - patients with semantic dementia find it very hard to access information about most concepts stored in semantic memory.

Podemos usar información sensorial y perceptiva para recall recent y remote autobiographical memories.

McClosky & Glucksberg. Verheyen & Storms. - Muchas long-term memories consisten de una mezcla de episodic y semantic memory. - Antes se creía que la memoria semántica está organizada en redes jerárquicas, pero eso sería muy INFLEXIBLE. - Many concepts in semantic memory are fuzzy rather than neat and tidy (como decían lo de las jerarquías). - Semantic memory is organized on the basis of semantic relatedness or semantic distance. - AMBIGUITY = individuals may use different criteria for categorization. - VAGUENESS = individuals may use different cut-offs to separate members form nonmembers.

Eysenck, Collins & Quillian están muy relacionados con la memoria semántica.

Qué es el typicality effect? The time taken to decide a category member belongs to a category is less for typical than atypical members. - when familiarity was controlled, hierarchical distance between the subject and the property had little effect on verification time. - verification times were faster for more typical or representative members of a category.

Qué dice la teoría de producción del lenguaje y por quién fue creada? - Fue creada por Dell. - according to this theory, when we plan an utterance (pronunciación, declaración), this leads to activation of several of the sounds in the intended sentence before we start to speak.

- Categorization at the basic level is generally more informative than at the superordinate level and so requieres more information processing. - Subordinate categories are much more informative for experts. - Expertise is necessary for categorization at the subordinate level to occur fastest.

- Concept processing can have a perceptual or imaginal quality about it. - Object qualities not visible if you were actually looking at the object are harder to think of than those that would be visible. - Conceptual representations of objects include situational information. - Situational information is important in object categorization.

- Different kinds of information about a given object are stored in different brain locations. - Emotionally positive stimuli elicit approach. - Emotionally negative stimuli elicit avoidance. - Individuals respond faster to positive attract stimuli.

Category-specific deficits = problems with specific categories of objects.

Much of the knowledge we have stored in semantic memory consists of larger structures of information. Qué tipos schemas existen? Schema = well-integrated chunk of knowledge about the world, event, people or actions. Schematic knowledge in the form of scripts is useful because it allows us to form realistic expectations. Two major types of information in semantic memory: 1.) Abstract - concepts generally corresponding to individual words. 2.) Broader and more flexible organizational structures based on schemas and scripts.

Bartlett Rationalization = tendency in story recall to produce errors conforming to the rememberer's cultural expectations. - memory for stories is affected not only by the presented story itself but also by the participant's store of relevant schematic knowledge.

Ecological validity = applicability to everyday life.

Qué es el von Restorff effect? Effect in which information distinctive in a given context attracts attention and is well remembered.