St. Augustine Notes

Seite 1

St. Augustine remained only occupied European settlement in what is now continental U.S. for 42 yrs.

Drake raid (1586):

Spanish settlers get news of English effort to colonize the N. in Chesapeake (failed)

Another one in Jamestown, Va (1607) in defiance of Spanish claims survived.

Spanish authorities in St. Augustine repeatedly warned Madrid of English threat & requested assistance to strengthen the town’s defense.

Military garrison always had flimsy wood

Drake proved the problem in 1586 then in 1668 Captain Robert Searles & English buccaneers plundered town 60 left dead.

Searles Raid & founding of colony at Charleston, Sc= convinced Spain officials to bolster Florida’s defense.

1669 Queen Regent Marianna issued cedula=directed Viceroy of Mexico to provide funds for stone fortress ( similar to bastions throughout Caribbean).

New fort built of Coquina=work started on new structure in 1672.

Supervised under military engineer Ignazio Daza

masons and other workers were brought from Havana

Indian workmen, slaves, prisoners, and oxen dragged heavy coquina to the edge of water, ferried to the fort site.

24 years before first stage of construction ended.

Castillo de San Marcos or Castle of St. Marks

Named by the Spanish

finished in late century—just in time to meet attack led by Gov. James Moore of Carolina.

Moore’s troops 2 month siege of St. Augustine failed unable to take the for —so they burned the city—except the Castillo de San Marcos no extant building in St. Augustine predates 1702.

1704 Moore returned with Indian allies---overran Apalachee---carried bk 2 Carolina Indians as prisoners they didnt kill. English obliterated mission system Spanish had throughout SE US.

Indian population declined: diseases due to no immunity

St. Francis Barracks-South end of Colonial town/Franciscan missionaries—Mission of Nombre de Dios.

After St Augustine began rebuilding town they used Coquina stone: from piles of discard active pits on Anastasia Island. Buildings more durable: 1st domiclie built in 1700’s verified by historians, documentary and archaelogical records Gonzales-Alvarez House (Oldest House) at 14 st. Francis st. O’Reilly House 14 Aviles Street.

Military officals strengthened too/ built outposts near Jax, on the St. Johns River, west of St. Augustine, and Picolata. Inner defense line built extending westward from the Castillo to San Sebastian river on Orange St=Cubo Line (spanish word square, outpost along the line)

Cubo Line was reconstructed in 1966 on grounds of Castillo for City’s 400th anniversary.

The reconstructed line= western wall of Castillo across glacis of Castillo then across A1A to coquina portals of City Gate (once held doors to northern entrance of walled city). Existing portals from 1808 (built to defend city because of new perception of danger).

Santo Domingo Redoubt: fortified outpost along the Cubo Line (2202 reconstruct) under City of Augustine, & National Park Service, Florida Dept of State.

A similar fortified line made of walls of earth&palmlogs-----went from peninsula btw bay & San Sebastian River about shot north of the fort This line was called The Hornwork (resembles in shape horn of a steer)--NO TRACE OF IT.

Rosario Line=on Cordova Street/west boundary of city/contains a major redoubt west garden og Government house./sm reconstruct can be gound on E. of Cordova St. across from Tolomato Cemetery

17th Century African slaves sought refuge— 1693 King Charles II issued proclamation grantg liberty 2 all escaped former slaves & in 1738 Governor of Fl. Manuel de Montiano gave freedom, new town named Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose

Fort Mose= was first Community of free black persons in the U.S. and it became strategic impt part of defenses of Spanish St. Augustine against British attack/invasion.

1980 St of Florida acquired Mose..authorized archaeoligical exam part of st. park system.

Settlement of Georgia/General James Oglethorpe in 1733/authorities in Havana sent Antonio Arrendondo an engineer. Help w defenses.

1739 England declared war against Spain-----War of Jenkin’s Ear:

1739-40-seized Picolata on St. John’s River

1740—English general took Ft. Diego (spanish post near present day Palm Valley)

Oglethorpe Park= on Anastasia Island English 27 day bombardment of ft & town, Oglethorpe’s forces occupied Ft. Mose

june 26 Spanish & black troops attacked English at Ft. Mose---On July 7 2 ships from Havana w relief supplies to Spanish garrison 750 men & 1500 inhabitants of town. Oglethorpe’s supplies ran out---stepped back---town survived w out much damage.

1742 Spansih completed construction of a second stone fortress on West Bank of Matanzas river 18 miles south of St. Augustine—Fort Matanzas—designed to withstand any effort by enemy ships/inlet/town from the south------needed repairs---1930s Ft. Matanzas and Castillo de San Marcos only 2 remaining Spanish military forts within US.

Treaty of Paris 1763—gave Spanish Florida to British in return for Havana. Came under Brit rule.

19 buildings—date to 1st Spanish Period these include: Pena-Peck House (ca 1750) 143 George St./ de Mesa Sanchez House 43 George st/ Fernandez Llambias House (31 Francis Street)m←----- thee are besides Gonzales & O’Reilly. (their front facades abut the street line)

Juan Jose Elixio de la Puente (St. Augustine native, real estate agent for departing Spanish land owners) drew housing map of town.

British Period 1763-1784

British takeover—3000 inhabitants, soldiers, and officials of St. Augustine forced to evacuate---Most went to Cuba. (Brit flag flew over the Castillo—Brits renamed it Ft. St. Mark)

Col. James Grant (1764) to command Brit administration. Brits wanted colonization of peninsula (fl) –divided in 2 different jurisdictions: East Florida/St. Augustine---West Florida/Pensacola (capitals)--- supposed Spanish rule: vessels from St. Augustine cargoes of indigo, oranges, lumber&naval stores.

St. Francis Barracks served as headquarters for Brit garrison (still in military use today).

Notable promoter of new British colony was John Bartam of Philly. 18th century greatest Botanist in New World 1765/ son -William Bartram --53 day exploratory trip along St. Johns river (sponsored by British real estate investors)---writings described area’s flora & fauna and appeared in literary salons of Europe. Bartram Trail--- runs along SR 13 through Tocoi, Picolata and Switzerland beside St. John river.

Grants Administration: Dr. Andrew Turnbull/Associates secured grants near Mosquito Inlet—70 miles South of St. Augustine. Planned to establish colony for prodcution: indigo primarily. Turnbull named the place New Smyrna. (in honor of his wife native Smyrna in Greece)---To increase population Turnbull recruited settlers throughout Caribbean, Greece, Italy, Sicily, Island of Minorca—Spring 1768-- 8 vessels brought 1400 “colonists” “albeit” indentured servants to new settlement.

The project (so-called) back fired. (1777)

St. Augustine remained only occupied European settlement in what is now continental U.S. for 42 yrs.

Drake raid (1586):

Spanish settlers get news of English effort to colonize the N. in Chesapeake (failed)

Another one in Jamestown, Va (1607) in defiance of Spanish claims survived.

Spanish authorities in St. Augustine repeatedly warned Madrid of English threat & requested assistance to strengthen the town’s defense.

Military garrison always had flimsy wood

Drake proved the problem in 1586 then in 1668 Captain Robert Searles & English buccaneers plundered town 60 left dead.

Searles Raid & founding of colony at Charleston, Sc= convinced Spain officials to bolster Florida’s defense.

1669 Queen Regent Marianna issued cedula=directed Viceroy of Mexico to provide funds for stone fortress ( similar to bastions throughout Caribbean).

New fort built of Coquina=work started on new structure in 1672.

Supervised under military engineer Ignazio Daza

masons and other workers were brought from Havana

Indian workmen, slaves, prisoners, and oxen dragged heavy coquina to the edge of water, ferried to the fort site.

24 years before first stage of construction ended.

Castillo de San Marcos or Castle of St. Marks

Named by the Spanish

finished in late century—just in time to meet attack led by Gov. James Moore of Carolina.

Moore’s troops 2 month siege of St. Augustine failed unable to take the for —so they burned the city—except the Castillo de San Marcos no extant building in St. Augustine predates 1702.

1704 Moore returned with Indian allies---overran Apalachee---carried bk 2 Carolina Indians as prisoners they didnt kill. English obliterated mission system Spanish had throughout SE US.

Indian population declined: diseases due to no immunity

St. Francis Barracks-South end of Colonial town/Franciscan missionaries—Mission of Nombre de Dios.

After St Augustine began rebuilding town they used Coquina stone: from piles of discard active pits on Anastasia Island. Buildings more durable: 1st domiclie built in 1700’s verified by historians, documentary and archaelogical records Gonzales-Alvarez House (Oldest House) at 14 st. Francis st. O’Reilly House 14 Aviles Street.

Military officals strengthened too/ built outposts near Jax, on the St. Johns River, west of St. Augustine, and Picolata. Inner defense line built extending westward from the Castillo to San Sebastian river on Orange St=Cubo Line (spanish word square, outpost along the line)

Cubo Line was reconstructed in 1966 on grounds of Castillo for City’s 400th anniversary.

The reconstructed line= western wall of Castillo across glacis of Castillo then across A1A to coquina portals of City Gate (once held doors to northern entrance of walled city). Existing portals from 1808 (built to defend city because of new perception of danger).

Santo Domingo Redoubt: fortified outpost along the Cubo Line (2202 reconstruct) under City of Augustine, & National Park Service, Florida Dept of State.

A similar fortified line made of walls of earth&palmlogs-----went from peninsula btw bay & San Sebastian River about shot north of the fort This line was called The Hornwork (resembles in shape horn of a steer)--NO TRACE OF IT.

Rosario Line=on Cordova Street/west boundary of city/contains a major redoubt west garden og Government house./sm reconstruct can be gound on E. of Cordova St. across from Tolomato Cemetery

17th Century African slaves sought refuge— 1693 King Charles II issued proclamation grantg liberty 2 all escaped former slaves & in 1738 Governor of Fl. Manuel de Montiano gave freedom, new town named Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose

Fort Mose= was first Community of free black persons in the U.S. and it became strategic impt part of defenses of Spanish St. Augustine against British attack/invasion.

1980 St of Florida acquired Mose..auth archaeoligical exam part of st. park system.

Settlement of Georgia/General James Oglethorpe in 1733/authorities in Havana sent Antonio Arrendondo an engineer. Help w defenses.

1739 England declared war against Spain-----War of Jenkin’s Ear:

1739-40-seized Picolata on St. John’s River

1740—English general took Ft. Diego (spanish post near present day Palm Valley)

Oglethorpe Park= on Anastasia Island English 27 day bombardment of ft & town, Oglethorpe’s forces occupied Ft. Mose

june 26 Spanish & black troops attacked English at Ft. Mose---On July 7 2 ships from Havana w relief supplies to Spanish garrison 750 men & 1500 inhabitants of town. Oglethorpe’s supplies ran out---stepped back---town survived w out much damage.

1742 Spansih completed construction of a second stone fortress on West Bank of Matanzas river 18 miles south of St. Augustine—Fort Matanzas—designed to withstand any effort by enemy ships/inlet/town from the south------needed repairs---1930s Ft. Matanzas and Castillo de San Marcos only 2 remaining Spanish military forts within US.

Treaty of Paris 1763—gave Spanish Florida to British in return for Havana. Came under Brit rule.

19 buildings—date to 1st Spanish Period these include: Pena-Peck House (ca 1750) 143 George St./ de Mesa Sanchez House 43 George st/ Fernandez Llambias House (31 Francis Street)m←----- thee are besides Gonzales & O’Reilly. (their front facades abut the street line)

Juan Jose Elixio de la Puente (St. Augustine native, real estate agent for departing Spanish land owners) drew housing map of town.

British Period 1763-1784

British takeover—3000 inhabitants, soldiers, and officials of St. Augustine forced to evacuate---Most went to Cuba. (Brit flag flew over the Castillo—Brits renamed it Ft. St. Mark)

Col. James Grant (1764) to command Brit administration. Brits wanted colonization of peninsula (fl) –divided in 2 different jurisdictions: East Florida/St. Augustine---West Florida/Pensacola (capitals)--- supposed Spanish rule: vessels from St. Augustine cargoes of indigo, oranges, lumber&naval stores.

St. Francis Barracks served as headquarters for Brit garrison (still in military use today).

Notable promoter of new British colony was John Bartam of Philly. 18th century greatest Botanist in New World 1765/ son -William Bartram --53 day exploratory trip along St. Johns river (sponsored by British real estate investors)---writings described area’s flora & fauna and appeared in literary salons of Europe. Bartram Trail--- runs along SR 13 through Tocoi, Picolata and Switzerland beside St. John river.

Grants Administration: Dr. Andrew Turnbull/Associates secured grants near Mosquito Inlet—70 miles South of St. Augustine. Planned to establish colony for prodcution: indigo primarily. Turnbull named the place New Smyrna. (in honor of his wife native Smyrna in Greece)---To increase population Turnbull recruited settlers throughout Caribbean, Greece, Italy, Sicily, Island of Minorca—Spring 1768-- 8 vessels brought 1400 “colonists” “albeit” indentured servants to new settlement.

The project (so-called) back fired. (1777)

Seite 2