Police Accountability / Victims / Crime Prev

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Police Accountability - How not adequate

- How could have limitations

Police Authority Greater London 1999

Police were directly accountable but no thoughts to local populus needs

The national crime squad was established to deal with cross boarder issues

Police Force made of multiple entities

Reforms and Statutes to enable an accountable force.

HRA 1991

Police were held accountable because of being public authority and compensation ordered when breached duty

ART 6 - Fair Trial

If the UK courts didnt hear the case it could be taken up to the EU courts.

Statutes and Reforms make a powerful frame in which police are held accountableUN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement 1999

Police should be held accountable when reasonable force was overused

Police Act 1976

Police Complaints board - OLD IPCC was not deemed as sufficiently independant or robust

Corrupt

Lord Scarman

He wanted a reform with the outcome of a new agency

seperate of the Police

To restore public confidence in the Police

Any breach by the police is directly accountable under HRA 1999

The new IPCC had ne recruitment and investigates claims of Ultra Vires on behalf of the police

ICV - independant custody visitors

Visit police Departments

View suites / check on the accussed

to see if they are treated fairly

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

Failure to follow procedure can result in no conviction and evidence can be held as inadmisable - S.78 PACE 1984

PACE governs how police caution

Audit commission

Independant body established to monitor finance

those who do not fir the bill will be questioned

Police Preformnce Assessment Framework

Holds accountable police forces for poor preformance if targets are not met

R v Confait - Whereby a Homosexual Prostitute was murdered and two boys were held for questioning

found to be Mentally Handicapped but were not allowed rights / call / respective guardian

Case was quashed - Failure by police procedures

Victims - How could be invisible?

- How could be a key player ?

- How could they not be invisble?

Two Strands of victimisation

Positivist - Mawby -

No real definition of what a real victim is

Hard to distinguish what a victim is

Positivist - What factors contribute to victimisation

Critical - Walkate - Labelling and Rational

- Christie - Weak / Young / Couldnt be blamed

There are charities and services which help support victims.

Victim Support - VS Charity based scheme in which helps deal with support

It looks at the crime.

But not the social aspect of why crime can exist

Procedural Rights - VPS

Victim Personal Statement (2001)

Personal Statement about how the crime could affect the person

This can be emotional / Physical / Psychological

Ads -Closely Related with the case

Ads - Affect Sentence

Dis - ads - Paperwork

Dis - ads - Judge could ignore it

Sanders et al 1999

Victims were disapointed with the VPS

Judges do not have to read the paperwork, the VPS goes into the case papers.

Erez 2008

Expectations were not what the outcome was

Possibly expectations too high

The Pigot Committee

Children were seen to be most vulnerable, and thus children were not believed by the police

Not invisible the children are not believed

Jane Morgan

Children would suffer greatly from cross examination

The CJS does not benefit the victim

The policy is based around crime not the victim

Duty of care

Individual / organisation could be sued by breach / negligence.

Hill v CC Yorkshire 1988

Police were not deemed to owe a duty of care for a single person

Von Colle v CC Herefordshire 2008

Police were deemed to be accountable for duty of care because the police had been warned of threats.

Provisions Domestic Violence Crime + Victims Act 2004

Failure to preform duty of care - Court Action

Prisoners Earning Act 2011

Pay towards victims services

Compensation

Goodey 2004 - Moral Duty / Legal Duty

Compensation is aimed at deserving victims

Situational Crime Prevention

-techniques most preferable to situational approaches?

-most effective way of preventing crime?

There are five strands

SCP - Measures which involve change of design

to stop crime

SCP looks at crime itself but not why crime is committed

Orginates from Defensible Space - Oscar Newman

Changing the way land was designed and used.

Surveillance - Looking over land

Territory - Designted land - Gated

Image - Design View

Displacement - Movement of a crime

from one area to another

Benign - Wanted displacement - Moving

prostitutes to another area

Malign - Unintended displacement - Burglary to another area

Criticisms - Exaggerate crime

- Relies too heavenly on tech

- What crime not why

RV - Repeat Victimisation

Home Office - Same person / Place which suffers from more crime than once

Bottoms - Anyone can be a victim

Some victims could be Flag - Shown as attractive - Clues

Some victims could be Boosts - Known as an easy Target - Easy

RV - Initatives

Bronze - 1st - Prop Marking

Silver - 2nd - Loan Equipment

Gold - 3rd -Alarms

Partnerships

Morgan - Community Safety

Paramount -Local authorites contribute to tackling crime

Agencies talk to victim to see what is needed.

Kirkholt - Forrester

Rochdale - Burglary Prevention

2 phases many aims

Cocoon NW

School and work projects

Payment meter removal

Dont know what created the 49% reduction.

Social Methods

Chronic Offenders - Worral

A study found that those who went through scheme had lower amount of convictions than those who ddidnt

Early Intervention Scheme - Homel

Scheme aimed at 3+ was good

Showed right from wrong

BUT as child growns social pressure is issue

Desistance - Rumgay

Offenders choice to stop committing crime.

Needs help from people to show it is good to stop crime

Mentoring - No known definition

Police Strategies

Police Crackdowns

Used to nip prject in the bud

More visible presence - less crime

Deterrence

Initial - As crackdown starts - D Starts

Residual - Crack down finishes - R

Opperation Bumblebee

Initivative to stop burglary

Stop and Search / Monitoring

Reduced Burglary

Cleaning up Cases

Primary - Charged / summons / cautions

Secondary - Take O to site

Pulses

Good - Good publicity / Good Presence

Bad - Low Publicity / Large Area

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