Science Study

Seite 1

Science Study/Summary

atom

The smallest whole part of

all matter

element

A type of matter made of

one type of atom

molecule

A type of matter made of

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

mixture

A material made of

different elements and/or compounds where there is no fixed ratio. Can be

separated using physical means.

chemical symbol

A shorthand way to

represent an element and molecule

compound

A type of matter made of

two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together

physical change

A type of change in which

the form of matter changes it physical state as a result of energy changes

chemical change

A type of change where one

or more substances are chemically altered into one or more new and different

substances

chemical reaction

The process which brings

about a chemical change

acid

A substance with particular

chemical properties including turning litmus red, neutralising alkalis, often

corrosive and sour-tasting.

metal

A type of matter which is typically a solid, shiny, malleable and ductile, with good

electrical and thermal conductivity

alloy

A type of metal made by combining two or more metallic elements to give

different physical properties

lustre

The manner in which a newly

exposed surface of a metal reflects light

malleable

The ability of a metal to

be beaten to form shapes without breaking

ductile

The ability of a metal to

be drawn out to form a wire

conductivity

The ability of a substance

to allow electricity or heat to travel through it

extraction

The process by which metals

are removed from mineral ores

electrolysis

The process by which electric current is

passed through a substance to effect a chemical change.

decomposition

A type of chemical reaction

where a substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances

synthesis

A type of chemical reaction

where two or more substances chemically combine to form a new substance

precipitation

A type of chemical reaction

where two soluble salt solutions are combined to form an insoluble solid

neutralisation

A type of chemical reaction

where an acid and a base interact to form

a salt and water

biopolymer

A very large molecule made

by living organisms

petroleum

Known as crude oil, an oily

mixture of hydrocarbons that can be extracted from layers of rock and used to

produce fuel and polymers

Hydrogen-H

Helium-He

Lithium-Li

Beryllium-Be

Boron-B

Carbon-C

Nitrogen-N

Oxygen-O

Fluorine-F

Neon-Ne

Sodium-Na

Magnesium-Mg

Aluminium-Al

Silicon-Si

Phosphorus-P

Sulphur-S

Chlorine-Cl

Argon-Ar

Potassium-K

Calcium-Ca

Law of Conservation of

Energy - No energy loss, no mass is lost

Catalyst - speeds up a

chemical reaction

8.2 Body Systems Wordlist

Alveolus

Also known as an air sac, they provide a large

surface area for the exchange of gases with the blood.

Artery

The type of blood vessel that carries blood away

from the heart

Atrium

The top inflow chambers of the heart

Bile

Neutralises the acid from the stomach, produced in

liver. Makes small intestine alkaline

Bladder

The organ that stores urine temporarily

Breathing

The act of inhaling and exhaling air

Bronchiole

The bronchi divide into many of these tiny tubes,

each enter an air sac.

Bronchus

The two branching tubes from the trachea, each

connected to a lung

Capillaries

The network of very small blood vessels that

connect arteries to veins

Cardiac muscle

The type of muscle associated with the heart

Cartilage

Slippery ends of bones

Circulation

The movement of blood around the body through a

series of tubes

Cortex

The part of the kidney which is made up of the convoluting

tubules

Diaphragm

The curved muscle that separates the chest cavity

and the abdomen which controls breathing

Digestion

The breaking down of large insoluble food particles

into simple soluble molecules

Dorsal aorta

The artery that brings blood to the kidney to be

filtered

Duct

A small tube for the passage of secretions from

glands

Duodenum

The upper part of small intestine that receives

bile and pancreatic juice

Elimination

The removal of waste material from the digestive

system

Epiglottis (remember kh, kh khan from the

epiglottis)

Flap that covers the trachea

Excretion

The removal of metabolic wastes which are produced

by cells

Gall bladder

Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

Gland

Organs that make substances, released in the

bloodstream

Haemoglobin

Protein that allows red blood cells to carry oxygen

Hydrochloric acid

Acid that chemically breaks down food in stomach

Intercostal muscles

The muscles between the ribs which increase the

volume of the chest when breathing

Kidney

The organ that filters the blood of wastes

Large intestine

Absorbs water, salt, vitamins and minerals from

undigested food

Left side of heart

Receives blood from lungs and pumps it around the

body (larger side)

Ligament

A type of connective tissue joining bone to bone

Lipase enzyme

Breaks down fats into fatty acid and glycerol

Medulla

The part of the kidney which is made up of the

loops of henle

Muscle

Cause movement of the bones by contracting and

relaxing

Nephron

The filtering units of the kidney

Oesophagus

The tube leading from the back of the throat to the

stomach

Pancreas

The gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the

duodenum

Pancreatic juice

Released by the pancreas, it contains enzymes for

the digestion of lipids

Pelvis

The part of the kidney made up of collecting ducts

Plasma

The clear fluid component of the blood which

transports blood cells, nutrients and wastes around the body

Platelets

Stick together to stop bleeding, forms scab

Protease enzyme

Breaks down protein into amino acids, is produced

in stomach

Pulmonary

The part of the circulation system which involves

the flow of blood to and from the lungs

Rectum

The last section of the large intestine which

stores wastes until they are eliminated

Red blood cells

Erythrocytes carry oxygen to be delivered to other

cells

Renal

Pertaining to the kidneys

Renal artery and vein

Connects dorsal aorta and vena cava to kidney

Reproduction

The production of offspring that resemble the

parents

Respiration

A chemical reaction carried out by all living cells

where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water and releases

energy.

Right side of heart

Receives blood from the body and pumps it to the

lungs (smaller side)

Skeleton

The system that provides support, protection and

allows movement

Small intestine

Digests nutrients and water to be metabolised

Smooth muscle

The type of muscle associated with internal organs,

such as the stomach, intestine, bladder and blood vessels.

Sphincter

Ring of muscle gateway that opens and closes in the

stomach, anus etc.

Stomach

The bag shaped organ which churns food with gastric

juices

Striated muscle

The type of muscle associated with the skeleton

Systemic

The part of the circulation system which involves

the flow of blood to and from the heart and the body

Tendon

A type of connective tissue joining muscle to bone

Trachea

The tube leading from the back of the throat to the

bronchi. Also called the windpipe

Ureter

The tube carrying urine, leading from the kidney to

the bladder

Urethra

The tube carrying urine, leading from the bladder

to outside the body

Vein

The type of blood vessel that carries blood to the

heart

Vena cava

The vein that takes blood to the kidney to be

filtered and brought back to the heart

Ventricle

The bottom outflow chambers of the heart

Villi

Absorb nutrients in the small intestine

Voluntary

A type of muscle controlled by conscious thought

White blood cells

Leukocytes fight bacteria and virus

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM CHART

SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS

ORGANS/Major STRUCTURES

Skeletal

Functions:

1. Supports and protects the body

2. Protect organs

3. Makes blood cells

4. Gives the body the shape

5. Helps body to move

Bones

Ligaments: connects bones to bones

Cartilage: provides cushioning between the bones

Red Marrow: makes blood

Muscular

Function: Help the body move

Two Types of

Muscles:

1. Voluntary Muscles:

muscles you CAN control (Skeletal Muscles)

2. Involuntary Muscles:

muscles you CANNOT control (smooth and cardiac muscles)

Heart, diaphragm, biceps/triceps

Tendon: connects muscle to bones

Skeletal Muscles: attached to the bones and helps us move

Smooth Muscles: make up most of the organs of our body

Cardiac Muscles: make up the heart

Digestive

Function: Breaks down food to

make energy for

the body

*Direction of

food movement:

Mouth,

Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine,

Rectum, Anus

*Peristalsis:

muscle movement

that moves food through the esophagus

Mouth

Esophagus: Long tube that connects the mouth to the

stomach.

Stomach, Liver, Pancreas

Small Intestine: where most digestion takes place.

Large Intestine: Takes water from the undigested materials

Rectum, Anus

Circulatory

Function:

Carries O2, CO2, food, waste disease fighting

cells, &hormones through the body

*Direction

of blood flow:

Heart

Veins Arteries

Capillaries

Heart: main organ of CS that pumps blood to all

parts of the body

Artery: thickest blood vessel that carries blood

high in oxygen AWAY from the heart.

Capillary: thinnest blood vessel that connects

arteries & veins and where the actual exchange of materials takes place.

Vein: blood vessel that carries blood high in

carbon dioxide TOWARD the heart.

Blood: carries food and oxygen to the body and

takes away waste from cells

White Blood Cells: fight disease

Respiratory

Function:

take in oxygen and take out carbon dioxide and some water out of the

body

*Direction of

air movement:

nose trachea bronchi (into the lungs) bronchioles alveoli

Nose

Trachea: large tube that carries air to the bronchi

Larynx

Bronchi: tube that connects the

trachea and lungs

Lungs: main organ of the RS

Alveoli: A tiny air sac where gas exchange takes

place

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles:

strong muscles below and around the lungs that help in breathing

Excretory

*Function: take out waste from

the body

Direction of

urine movement:

Body kidney ureter

Urinary

bladder urethra

*Urine

is made of waste, extra water, and salt

*Perspiration

(sweat): liquid waste that leaves the body through

the skin and helps control the body temperature

Kidney: main organ of the ES where urine is made

Ureter: a tube that carries urine from the kidney

to the urinary bladder

Urinary bladder

Urethra: a tube that carries urine out of the body

Liver, Skin

!!!How do your lungs, kidneys,

& skin remove (take away) waste from your body???

Lungs: breathe out CO2

Kidney: make urine

Skin: perspiration (sweat)

Nervous

Function:

controls ALL the activities of the body: it’s the “boss”

Two parts of

nervous system:

1. Central

Nervous system (CNS): made up of brain and spinal cord,

controls all activities of the body.

2. Peripheral

Nervous System (PNS): made up of all

the nerves outside of CNS, and carries messages between CNS to the all

parts of the body

Brain: control center of our body

functions

Spinal cord: connects brain with

the rest of the body

Nerves: nerve cells