Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife

Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife, 1434, Early Northern Renaissance 

1) van Eyck was one of the first painters to be able to depict gold and jewels in paint, as opposed to gluing gold leaf or semiprecious jewels -- evidenced in the chandelier and clock on the wall

2) possibly depicting a marriage ceremony or contract (evidenced by the removed shoes indicating that the figures are standing on a sacred ground, the dog symbolizing loyalty and fidelity, and the red background simultaneously signifying passion and warding off red illnesses (fever, miscarriage, etc.))

3) possibly a commemorative portrait in honor of Giovanni's dead wife (evidenced by the unlit candles on the woman's side, doll-like portrayal of the woman (likely made from a death mask), and back mirror splitting the scenes leading up to Jesus's crucifixion on Giovanni's side and dead Jesus on the woman's side)