Chemistry

Assumed Knowledge The Chemical Earth ✘ identify the atom as the smallest unit of an element and distinguish between atoms and molecules (5.7.2a) fundamental property: number of protons model is Rutherford/Bohr - protons and neutrons in nucleus with electrons surrounding atoms join together to form molecules molecule - two or more atoms bonded together ✘ identify that a new compound is formed by rearranging atoms rather than creating matter (5.7.3a)  compound - consists of atoms of two or more elements joined chemically simple chemical reactions do not involve nuclear energy  ✘ classify compounds into groups based on common chemical characteristics (5.7.3b) melting point, boiling point, conductivity, hardness, malleable, ductile, lustre, nature of aqueous solutions formed ✘ construct word equations from observations and written descriptions of a range of chemical reactions (5.7.3c) state of matter important - great influence on whether a reaction occurs or not. Assumed Knowledge ✘ identify a range of common compounds using their common names and chemical formulae (5.7.3d) students at University still have trouble with this. Basic ideas of stoichiometry weak - needs to be drilled ✘ qualitatively describe reactants and products in decomposition reactions (5.7.3e) need to define clearly decomposition - one reactant forms two or more products. Under specified conditions of decomposition - Products more stable than reactants practical examples - fireworks          

1. The living and non-living components of the Earth contain mixtures ✘ recall the difference between elements, compounds and mixtures in terms of particle theory what is particle theory and how does it apply to each of these? ✘ recall that compounds are classified into groups based on common chemical characteristics melting point, boiling point, conductivity, hardness, malleable, ductile, lustre, nature of aqueous solutions formed  ✘ identify that the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere contain examples of mixtures of elements and compounds Biosphere - living organisms on earth Lithosphere - the earths outer mantle and crust Hydrosphere - the earths water Atmosphere - the gases above the earths surface ✘ identify and describe uses of mixtures which are obtained from the Australian environment and which are used without the need for separation procedures foodstuffs, bio derived materials eg wood, coal,  ✘ explain why the elemental composition of the Earth is fixed in time composition fixed at time of formation of planet. Some elements deca,y others (He) are lost from the atmosphere. So is the composition really unchanging. ✘ identify and describe procedures that can be used to separate naturally occurring mixtures of: - solids of different sizes manual separation, mechanical - solids and liquids decantation - dissolved solids in liquids evaporation - liquids distillation ( freezing) - gases liquefaction, effusion - uranium isotope separation  ✘ assess separation techniques for their suitability in separating examples of earth materials, identifying the differences in properties which enable these separations element vs compounds, bonding, state, cost (plant, energy), purity of material required ✘ describe situations in which gravimetric analysis supplies useful data for chemists and other scientists composition of material - material must contain species which are isolable by gravimetric analysis - solubility. Mixture must not be too complex 1. The living and non-living components of the Earth contain mixtures ✘ apply systematic naming of inorganic compounds (binary compounds, hydroxides, acids, salts of acids including the hydrogen salts of diprotic and triprotic acids) as they are introduced in the laboratory since no guidelines to range of compounds - need summary of rules, common species. Students weak on arrival at University. Care as often non systematic names are the IUPAC names ✘ identify IUPAC names for carbon compounds as they are encountered IUPAC name and systematic name not always the same. Care and common sense required as some names can be complex. Take note of latter statements on range of nomenclature that must be known in the organic module.