richards 2

FROM THE SYLLABUS DESIGN TO CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Situational Approach

A sequence of classroom activities that went from presentation, to controlled practice, to freer production (PPT method)

TESL/TELF

Based on a structural syllabus and situational drill-based methodology.

Audiolingual Method

Habits are strengthened by reinforcement.

Foreing lg habits formed by giing the right response, not by making mistakes.

Audio-visual Method

Use of visual means for presenting and practicing new language items.

Methods

changing needs for foreing lg in Europe

lg barriers btw coutries must be removed.

Provide a source of intellectual enrichment rather than an obstacle to unity.

Mutual undesrtanding and cooperation.

Unit-credit system

Framework for developing lg teaching program. Precise definition of the terminal behavior to be achieved by the learner.

Threshold Level

The lowest level of general foreign language ability to be recognized in the unit credit system.

English for specific purposes

The goal of an ESP is to prepare the learners to carry out a specific task or set of tasks.

REGISTER: variety of lg determined according to its use types of linguistic situation differ from one another in three aspects:

What is actually taking place?

What part the lg is playing?

Who is taking part?

Register analysis and discourse analysis

REGISTER FOR ACADEMYC VUCABULARY AND GROUPS

Research process: vocabulary are verbs and nouns, they are presented in a context which discusses the 5 steps of research: formulating, investigating, analyzing, drawing conclusion and reporting results.

Vocabulary of analyisis: high-frequency and two words verbs needed "in order to present information in an organized sequence.

The vocabulary of evaluation: Includes adjectives and adverts that occurs in reviews, critques, etc.

DISCOURSE ANALYISIS: Identify the linguistic structure of longer samples of speech or texts.

Patterns of text organization

Problem solution structure:

Introduction

Background

Argument

Conclusion

Content of ESP

Restriction (basic skills)

Selection (vocabulary, patterns of grammar function)

Themes and topics

Communicative needs

Communicative needs

Personal (cultural information)

Purpose

Setting

Interactional variables

Medium, mode and channel (communicative means)

Dialects

Target level

Anticipated communicative events (micro and macro activities)

Key (specific manner in which communication is carried out)

Communicative for language teaching

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE: Use language in communication based on the setting, the roles of participants and the nature of the transaction.

Notional syllabus

Semantico-grammatical meaning: time, quiantity.

Modal meaning: modality, scale of certainty, scale of commitment.

Communicative functions: speechs acts (request, complaints, apologies).

Goal of syllabus

Components:

Purposes. Settings. Social role of learners. Communicative events. Lg functions. Skills involved. variety. Grammatical contetn. Lexical content.

Curriculum

Aims and objectives

Content

Organization

Evaluation

Developmental stages

Curriculum planing----- policy makers (documents).

Specifications (ends and means) ------ consider needs analyst and methodologist (syllabus)

Programme implementation---- materials writen, teacher trainers (program)

Classroom implementation---- by teachers, for learners (acts of each one)