Karteikarten
Block D Histology
Karten in diesem Stapel (58)
- 1—Pancreas
- 2—Exocrine pancreas
- 3—Islets of Langerhan - The islets of Langerhans are dispersed throughout the exocrine pancreas. This medium magnification micrograph shows several small islets surrounded by exocrine acini. The islets may vary in size from just a few cells to several hundred cells. The lighter staining cytoplasm of the islet cells and their closely spaced nuclei facilitate recognition of the islets.
- 4—Exocrine Acini
- 5—Islets of Langerhan - The islet cells stain less intensely than the exocrine acinar cells, are smaller in size, and are arranged in small clusters and cords with numerous intervening capillaries.
- 6—Capillaries
- 7—Alpha cells in Islet of Langerhan - A(alpha)-cells, producing glucagon, are located at the periphery of the islets
- 8—Beta cells in Islet of Langerhan - B(beta)-cell sproducing insulin are the most numerous and are mainly located in the central parts of the islets
- 9—Delta cells in Islet of Langerhan - D(delta)-cells, producing somatostatin, are relatively few in number and are mainly located peripherally, but may be scattered throughout the islet
- 10—Retinopathy - diabetic complication - Etiology: microvascular damage to blood vessels --> decreased retinal oxygen and nutrient delivery to the eye --> increased growth factor production (VEGF)---> proliferation of new blood vessels
- 11—Nephropathy from diabetes (left) / normal kidney (right) - left arrow pointing to nodular glomerulosclerosis
- 12—Atherosclerotic plaque
- 13—Pituitary Gland
- 14—Pars Distalis - Pituitary Gland - In histological sections of the pars distalis, two main cell types can be recognized: the most abundant cells are the acidophils, which stain strongly with eosin; the other cells are basophils, which stain with hematoxylin. The two cell types are not uniformly distributed, but tend to occur in clusters of one type or the other
- 15—Pars Nervosa - Pituitary Gland - The pars nervosa consists of unmyelinated axons and terminals of neurosecretory neurons with cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. The terminals abut on blood vessels where their content of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) or oxytocin is released
- 16—Pars Tuberalis - Pituitary Gland - The pars tuberalis carries the vessels of the hypothalamohypophysial portal system to the pars distalis
- 17—Pars Intermedia - Pituitary Gland
- 18—Infundibulum - Pituitary Gland - The infundibulum attaches the pituitary to the hypothalamus and carries axons of the hypothalamohypophysial tract from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the pars nervosa.
- 19—Capsule - Pituitary Gland - The connective tissue capsule is composed of a reflection of the diaphragma sellae and the periosteum lining the sella turcica
- 20—Pars Nervosa
- 21—Pituicytes in Pars Nervosa - The cell type specific to the pars nervosa is the pituicyte; most of the nuclei in this image are pituicyte nuclei. These cells are similar to astrocytes of the central nervous system; they support the axons of the pars nervosa and have processes that end around the blood vessels
- 22—Herring Bodies - Pars Nervosa - Herring bodies are large swellings along the neurosecretory axons packed with neurosecretory granules containing ADH, oxytocin and neurophysin. They are difficult to recognize in H&E sections (left panel), but stand out among the lighter stained axons in immunohistochemical preparations stained for neurophysin (right panel)
- 23—Acidophils - Pars Distalis - Although not distinguishable in H&E sections, two types of acidophils are present: somatotropes, which produce growth hormone (GH), and lactotropes, which produce prolactin (PRL
- 24—Basophils - Pars Distalis - Three types of basophils are present in the pituitary: corticotropes, which produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor, gonadotropes, which produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyrotropes, which produce thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
- 25—Colloid - Pars Distalis
- 26—Sinusoidal Capillaries
- 27—Thyroid Follicles - Each follicle is lined by a simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium consisting of thyroid follicular cells. The follicular cells produce thyroglobulin and store it as colloid. Connective tissue and numerous capillaries are present between adjacent follicles. The large round holes in the colloid are artifacts
- 28—Capsule - thyroid
- 29—Follicular Epithelium - Thyroid gland
- 30—Parafollicular C Cells - Thyroid gland - The parafollicular, or C-cells, produce calcitonin, which suppresses the activity of osteoclasts, although its physiological role in humans is not clear. The C-cells are part of the follicular epithelium, but have no contact with the follicle lumen. They occur singly or in small clusters, are larger than the follicular cells, have pale cytoplasm, and tend to bulge slightly into the interfollicular connective tissue
- 31—Colloid Resorption Droplets - thyroid Gland - Endocytosed thyroglobulin is degraded in the colloid resorption droplets, yielding T3 and T4, which are released basolaterally into the circulation
- 32Hashimoto'sHashimoto's
- 33Grave'sGrave's
- 34Papillary CarcinomaPapillary Carcinoma
- 35Follicular CarcinomaFollicular Carcinoma
- 36—Parathyroid Gland - Parathyroid cells - The superior and inferior parathyroid glands are embedded in the posterior portion of each side of the thyroid gland. They are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, with septa dividing the gland into small lobules. Large amounts of adipose tissue may accumulate in the connective tissue of adult glands
- 37—Chief Cells - Parathyroid Gland - The principal, or chief cells, of the parathyroid gland are arranged in cords and clusters, with numerous intervening capillaries and venules. The chief cells are small, with slightly basophilic to slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm. They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates plasma calcium and phosphate levels
- 38—Oxyphil Cells - Parathyroid Gland - Scattered among the chief cells are larger cells with strongly eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm. These are oxyphil cells, with no known function. Their cytoplasm is packed with mitochondria
- 39—Adrenal Gland
- 40—Layers of the Adrenal Gland (out to inner) - Capsule, Cortex, Medulla
- 41—Capsule - Adrenal Gland
- 42—Layers of the cortex (top to bottom) - Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis
- 43—Zona Glomerulosa - The cells of the zona glomerulosa (left panel) are arranged in clusters and curved columns, surrounded by a network of sinusoidal capillaries. The cells contain a few lipid droplets. These cells secrete mineralocorticoids, principally aldosterone
- 44—Zona Fasciculata - The cells of the zona fasciculata (center panel) are arranged in straight cords, one or two cells thick, separated by sinusoidal capillaries. They are large cells with acidophilic cytoplasm that contains numerous fat droplets. These cells secrete glucocorticoids, principally cortisol
- 45—Zona Reticularis - The cells of the zona reticularis (right panel) are arranged in anastomosing cords, separated by capillaries. The cells have few lipid droplets, and mainly secrete weak androgens, such as dehydroepiandrosterone
- 46—Chromaffin Cells in Adrenal Medulla - The cells of the adrenal medulla, called chromaffin cells, are derived from neural crest precursors, and essentially are post-synaptic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, that lack axonal processes. The cells are arranged in clusters and interconnecting cords, with numerous intervening capillaries. There are two types of chromaffin cells in the medulla: norepinephrine secreting cells and epinephrine secreting cells
- 47—Medullary Veins
- 48—Smooth muscle bundles in Medullary Vein
- 49—Endochondral Bone Formation - This bone began as a small piece of hyaline cartilage. A bony collar developed around the middle of the cartilage, the cartilage cells began to mineralize their matrix, blood vessels penetrated through the bony collar and resorption of the cartilage began. Mesenchymal cells and hematopoietic stem cells accompanying the blood vessels formed osteoprogenitor cells and bone marrow, respectively. Osteoblasts differentiated and deposited bone matrix on the surface of remaining spicules of cartilage, creating a primary ossification center.
- 50—Epiphyseal Growth Plate - The epiphyseal growth plate formed from the cartilage remaining between the primary and secondary ossification centers.
- 51—Articular Cartilage
- 52—Secondary Ossification Center - Secondary ossification centers developed in the ends of the model as blood vessels grew into the cartilage from the surrounding mesenchyme, creating the epiphyses
- 53—Zone of Reserve Cartilage Cells - The zone of reserve (or resting) cartilage is adjacent to the bone; the chondrocytes are small and randomly arranged
- 54—Zone of Proliferation - In the zone of proliferation, the chondrocytes are larger, aligned in columns, and are producing cartilage matrix
- 55—Zone of Hypertrophy - In the zone of hypertrophy, the chondrocytes are further increased in size and they begin to accumulate glycogen, resulting in clear spaces in their cytoplasm
- 56—Zone of calcification - In the zone of calcification, the cells degenerate and the cartilage matrix calcifies;
- 57—Zone of resorption - In the zone of resorption (or vascular invasion), blood vessels invade the lacunae of the dying chondrocytes; the cartilage matrix between the chondrocyte columns remains as spicules, upon which osteoblasts will deposit bone matrix
- 58—
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- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Block D Histology, erstellt von Becca Calafiore am 06/09/2017.
- Erstellt von
- Becca Calafiore · Sep 2017
- Aktualisiert
- 2 Okt 2017
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