Karteikarten
Calf problems 1
Karten in diesem Stapel (100)
- 1Give a list of all the calf diseases that can occur.- Stillbirths
- Critical care of the newborn calf
- The essential colostrum
- Systemic infectious problems
- Infectious diarrhoea problems
- Non-infectious gastro-intestinal problems
- Neurological problems
- Respiratory problems - 2What is the issue to farmers when they have calves born dead?Whether beef or dairy, it is still a loss of money. The farm is a business and so there will be loss of productivity and potential for money
- 3What is the most traumatic calf problem for a farmer?Stillbirth - spent money feeding the cow to full term and then the product at the end is dead.
- 4Why are calf problems costly to the farmers?Economically, genetics, resources
- 5What is the definition of stillbirth?Gestation >260 days i.e. viable. For practical purposes includes deaths to 24 hours after birth. Calves may be stillborn or born weak and die shortly afterwards.
- 6What does stillbirths include?- ‘weak calf syndrome’ – calf born alive, either fails to breathe or does so for less than 10 mins
- ‘lazy calving syndrome’/‘uterine inertia syndrome’ - labour does not progress despite an open cervix and no evidence of clinical hypocalcaemia - 7What is the incidence of stillbirths?Up to 50% of calf deaths in first week
- 8Why are stillbirths hidden unquantified losses on many farms?- Not recorded and have:
1. Direct losses: loss of calf
2. Indirect losses:
- retained placenta, metritis, trauma to birth canal, reduced fertility, milk loss
- veterinary costs
- death of dam, replacement costs
- loss of genetic gain - 9What are the causes of stillbirth?- Dystocia/anoxia = most common cause (75%)
- Infection pre-partum
- Hypocalcaemia
- Twinning
- Iodine deficiency
- Vitamin E/selenium? - 10Why does dystocia cause stillbirth?- Heifers due to the foetal size
- Dystocia is common within the herds normally - 11What is uterine inertia syndrome?Lazy calving - poorly understood problem
- Cervix dilates, the amnion is usually intact but the cow does not proceed to second stage labour. Calf usually born dead or dies shortly afterwards - 12What are the likely infections during parturition?BVD virus, Leptospira hardjo and A.pyogenes
- 13What is the effect of having twins on the causes of stillbirth?Three times the stillbirth rate of singles, probably related to prolonged parturition/dystocia
- 14Why does iodine deficiency occur as a cause for stillbirth?Seen mostly in heifers (calving in the autumn/winter) that did not receive supplementary feed or minerals during the dry period.
- 15What are features of intra-partum deaths?Most have hypoxia lesions (petechial and sometimes ecchymotic haemorrhages in the heart, thymus, epicardium and spleen). Lungs may be atelactic or inflated. Head and neck often swollen (clear s/c oedema) due to vagina constricting venous return from head.
- 16What are the main areas of investigation of stillbirths?Multiple areas but the main ones are:
1. History and available data
2. PM examination
3. Clinical pathology - 17What is taken in the history of an investigation of stillbirths?- Quantify:
- Estimate gestation length
- Investigate bull relationships
- Examine supervision and facilities
- Duration of labour: Normal 2nd stage (cows) is 30mins-4h, most <2h
- Cow condition score
- Age of dams
- Calves born weak?
- Sex ratio of stillborn. If significantly more male than female, likely to be a bull effect - 18What should be done for clinical pathology of stillbirth investigation?Blood sample 10 cows in late pregnancy for Cu, GSH-Px (for Se), Mg, plasma inorganic iodine (T3/T4 no value)
- 19What happens to the cornea following stillbirth?Reduction in intraocular pressure in stillborn calves leads to corneal opacity and indicates the calf has died at least 12 hours before birth.
- 20What is special about Charolais stillborn calves in particular?The eye will be sunken into the socket
- 21What is an indicator that the calf has been dead a number of days before being delivered?The hair and hooves coming off
- 22What does the tongue being out suggest when stillborn?Died during delivery as blood into tongue
- 23What is a potential cause for having oedema of the head and neck when stillborn?Umbilical cord around the neck
- 24What is milk fever and how does it relate to stillbirth?Hypocalcaemia and results in weak labour and increased likelihood of stillbirth
- 25Is milk fever a common cause for stillbirth?Yes - one of teh most common
- 26Give a list of preventions of stillbirths.- Multifactorial
- Bull selection - dystocia history
- Cow nutrition - aim for BCS of 2.5-3, adequate mineral supply and give iodine
- Supervision of labour
- Exercise dams
- Induction or delay of parturition
- CCTV - critical care, colostrum feeding - 27Why can managing the time of parturition allow for reduction in stillbirths?- Know when supposed to be delivering and so can support her
- Induction with corticosteroids or PGs
- Delay with clenbuterol (Planipart) 10ml at 1800 hrs, 7ml at 2200 hours - no births before 6am - 28What is essential for calving in dairy heifers?- Management of service
- Management pre-calving
- Management at calving - 29How should dairy heifers be managed at service?- Ensure service weight is more than 360kg
- Take care when selecting the service sire – avoid large breeds - 30How should dairy heifers be managed pre-calving?- Adjust feed levels to avoid calving in over-fat condition
- Restrict energy intake in the last 3 weeks of pregnancy
- Attention to minerals: I, Se, Mg
- Exercise
- Frequent observation - 31How should dairy heifers be managed at calving?- Calve grazed heifers in their field or paddock if possible.
- Housed heifers should calve in familiar surroundings. - 32What should be provided for the neonate to get it off to a good start?- Resuscitation
- Colostrum
- Mothering
- Hygiene - 33What happens on delivery of the calf in terms of acid-base status?Normal delivery results in a combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis:
-due to pre- and intra-partum hypoxia.
- temporary
- calf has very good compensatory mechanisms
- has usually compensated by 8 hours post-partum. - 34What happens on abnormal delivery of the calf in terms of acid-base status?Severe acidosis and other clinical signs:
- apnoea or respiratory distress (shallow abdominal breathing)
- depression
- decreased heart rate
- loss of muscle tone
- increased interval from delivery to sternal recumbency (normal is 4 plus or minus 2 minutes) - 35What is resuscitation?A combination of physical efforts, mechanical aids and drugs
- 36How can an ambu bag be used in resuscitation?Attached to the endotracheal tube and allow breaths to be given
- 37What is an important way of resusitating a calf?Removing the mucous out of the trachea and producing a cough reflex
- Don't leave hanging upside down for too long as pressure on diaphragm reduces the breaths - 38What is acute neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?Decreased levels of surfactant, and severe respiratory distress
- 39What are differential diagnosis for acute neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?- Fractured ribs or other trauma preventing negative pressure in the chest and so struggle to breathe
- inhalation of meconium
- congenital defects - 40What is meconium in the foetal fluids a sign of?Stress before birth = BAD
- 41What are the treatments for acute neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?- Increase O2 - nasal tube
- Corticosteroids
- Doxapram
- (antibiotics)
- careful nursing including administration of colostrum - 42What is doxapram?Respiratory stimulant - helps inflate the lungs ( inject or on tongue)
- 43What is the issue with calves that have respiratory distress?More difficult to get them to take colostrum and so more at risk of getting disease later in life
- 44What is a sign that a calf never took a breath?The lungs will sink in water (never been inflated)
- 45What is found on histology with neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome?Hyaline membrane - proteinatious in airway (lack of surfactant and never inflated)
- 46What does VSD stand for?Ventricular Septum defect
- 47Give a congenital cardiac defect.VSD
- 48Give features of VSD.- Most common shunting L to R
- Stunting
- Decreased exercise tolerance
- Listlessness
- Not cyanosed
- Systolic murmur on both sides of chest
- Acute heart failure + pulmonary oedema
- NORMAL - 49What does the severity of the heart murmur relate to?The size of the hole
- Big hole = little murmur due to less resistance - 50What is seen with multiple cardiac defects?- Cyanosis
- Weak - 51What are general points of congenital cardiac defects?- Exacerbates signs of respiratory disease
- Defective pulmonary circulation (oedema)
- Murmur
- Other congenital defects e.g. skeleton - 52What is a ventricular septal defect?The muscular division between the ventricles isn't complete
- 53What is tetralogy of Fallot?- Pulmonary stenosis
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
- VSD
- Dextroaorta
Calf will be very weak and not thrive - 54What is important for a successful calf?Immune transfer in the calf
- 55What is colostrum?- A source of energy
- A source of vitamins and minerals
- Most importantly a source of antibodies - Only source to newborns - 56For how long are calves able to absorb antibodies?- Absorption by pinocytosis for first 24-36 hours
- Linear decline in absorption, must first suckle by 6 hrs - 57How does the level of antibodies absorbed relate to the illness in calves?- Approx. 50% UK calves fail to absorb adequate amounts
- Mortality rate in most neonatal infectious diseases directly linked to hypogammaglobulinaemia - 58Do antibodies replace enteropathogens already attached to intestinal mucosal cells?No
- 59What infection is there limited protection against?Enzootic pneumonia - roatvirus
- 60What are the factors that affect transfer of colostral antibodies?- Poor maternal nutrition
- Parity: older cows likely to transfer immunity to a wider range of pathogens
- Pre-partum leakage/milking
- Premature calving
- Movement of dam in late pregnancy: related to previous exposure
- Interval from calving to removal of calf
- Maternal and calf behaviour
- Inadequate mothering
- Failure of calf to suck - 61What can cause inadequate mothering, leading to colostral antibody transfer being poor?- Inexperience (heifers) or poor maternal bond
- Failure to locate calf (overcrowded calving pen, darkness)
- Illness in dam e.g. hypocalcaemia, obdurator paralysis; pendulous udder;
removal of calf too early - 62Why can the calf fail to suck causing the colostral antibody transfer to be affected?- Weakness or injury from prolonged labour or excessive traction;
- Congenital abnormalities e.g. contracted tendons;
- Failure to find dam (one in six cows born in a calving yard sucks the wrong cow first);
- Removal from dam;
- Infection very early in life;
- As ambient temperature falls, interval to first suckling increases. - 63At what stage in development can the foetus respond to antigen?120 days - only chance of producing own antibodies
- 64How long does Ig transfer from plasma to colostrum?2 months
- 65What is the main Ig in cow colostrum?IgG1
- 66What are the non-specific immune factors that are found in colostrum?1. Humoral:
- Complement
- Lysozyme
- Lactoferrin
- Interferon
- Acute phase protein
- Lactoperoxidase
2. Cellular
- Neutrophils*
- Macrophages*
(* Primary function to protect udder of cow) - 67What are the dam factors that can affect the Ig concentration present in colostrum?1. Yield: increased yield -> increased quality
2. Parity: heifers have decreased quality and quantity
3. Breed ? Jersey better than Friesian
4. Genotype of cow
5. Age: IgG1 transfer starts earlier in heifers, older cows have increased IgG2 levels
6. Quarter: increased quality in hind quarters
7. Twins: no effect
8. Abortion: decreases quality - 68Why is it not necessarily a good idea to harvest the colostrum from cows that have aborted?Poor quality and potential to carrier infectious agent (could be cause of abortion)
- 69What are management factors that affect Ig concentration?1. Time after parturition ~>9 hrs.
2. Length of dry period
3. Prepartum milking
4. Vaccination e.g. “Rotavec Corona, MSD”
5. Induction
6. Feeding- no effect on Ig concentration, effects yield
7. B.C.S. poor condition -> poor quality & quantity - 70What can be used to test the quality of the colostrum?Hydrometer
- 71What is considered as colostrum?First milking only
- 72How is colostrum absorbed?With a lag period of 2 hours via lymphatics
- IgG is first and most important and lasts longest - 73At what stage does the calf start producing antibodies to increase the titre?2-3 weeks after birth
- 74Is the gut closed off to antibodies after the first 6 hours?No - just its ability to absorb the antibodies is reduced - gut closure starts after birth
- 75At what stage are antibodies secreted from the gut?<5 days
- 76What is the test for antibodies?1. Zinc sulphate Tubidity test (ZST)
2. Plasma proteins – should be >5.6g/dl (Refractometry)
3. Other indirect measures e.g. GT - 77What is important about when Igs are fed?Synergism between Ig classes in gut, must be fed prior to infection. E. coli adherent to distal S.I. within 3 hrs. of birth, pathological lesions within 12 hrs.
- 78What is the normal amount of colostrum for calves to ingest?7-8kg in 24 hours
- 10% body weight in first 6 hours of life (about 4 litres) - 79What are the 3 Q's related to colostrum?Quality
Quantity
Quickly - 80Can colostrum substitutes be used?Yes - but greater volumes are needed to get the same antibody transfer
- 81How does the ZST test work?Turbidity of plasma is related to plasma immunoglobulin content when reacted with zinc sulphate. Z.S. turbidity is essentially a measure of IgG.
However, Z.S.T. levels are a cheap and useful test for immune status and are widely used. - 82What are the outcomes of the ZST test?1. <10 septicaemia/diarrhoea. High mortality
2. 10 - 20 Diarrhoea. Variable mortality
3. >20 Healthy/transient diarrhoea - 83What is a colostrometer?- Practical method for rapid determination of colostrum quality prior to feeding newborn calf
- Measures SG
- Colour coded scale for quick determination of colostrum quality - 84What are possible colostrum sources?- The dam
- Other freshly calved cows
- Stored colostrum
- Frozen colostrum
- Freeze dried substitutes - 85Why should you not pool or mix colostrum?Johnes disease
- 86Why can't colostrum be stored at room temperature?Colliform production is massive
- 87How must you defrost frozen colostrum?Slowly - NOT microwave due to denaturing antibodies
- 88How should you manage newborn calves?- Management of dam before calving
- Management of calving
- Management of neonate
- If in doubt, feed colostrum - 89Why is slippery floor a problem for a new born calf?- Problems standing and therefore can't suckle quickly
- Also tend to be born into pool of slippery amniotic fluid and so struggle to stand
- Cow may also be recumbent and so harder to locate teh udder - 90What is bovine neonatal pancytopaenia?Connection between BNP and vaccination with an inactivated vaccine against bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) causing alloimmune syndrome.
- now withdrawn - 91What are features of managing calves more than one day old?- Individual space until weaning
- No age mixing
- Clean and dry beds with minimal draughts
- Avoid high stocking rate
- Keep adequate number of feeding buckets clean
- Feed colostrum for up to one week (or longer)
- Follow manufacturer's instructions
- Provide pellets and barley straw (or hay)
- Treat clinical problems promptly
- Avoid synchronization of stressful procedures - 92What should the maximum age difference be in co-housed calves?2 weeks
- 93What does poor calf accommodation relate to in the calf?Hypogammaglobulinaemic
- 94Why is having temporary calf accommodation bad?They need to be treated right as are the future of the herd
- Need to invest - 95What makes a good calf house?- Well ventilated but not drafty
- Good, deep clean dry bedding
- Reasonable stocking density
- Tactile contact with other calves is a UK legal requirement - 96What should happen to the housing between batches?Cleaned and disinfected and bedding kept dry
- 97What is a better system for getting calves?Batch rearing i.e. ‘all in - all out’ is better than continually introducing susceptible new calves to the unit
- 98What should be used as housing until weaning?Individual pens/igloos with solid partitions - reducing cross infection, inhibit navel sucking and allow individual supervision
- 99Why should wooden fences attached together not be used for calf pens?Have no way of letting the calf out when 6 weeks of age, other than to lift over - will be heavy by then
- 100What is a healthy sign in calves?Heads down in feed buckets etc.
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- Reproduction - CVS1 (Calf medicine - David Barrett) Karteikarten am Calf problems 1, erstellt von Rachael Jones am 07/04/2018.
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